greek vase painting Essay -- essays research papers fc

classic Vase PaintingIn modern society, Greek pottery is considered an art which is regarded as much for its aesthetic splendor as its historical significance. However, the division of pottery in ancient Greek culture was far more functional as its primary use was for the transportation and storage of such liquids as water and wine (Encyclopedia Britannica). Due to the durability of the fired clay material, Greek pottery is the only remaining art form that allows us to explore the ontogenesis of this ancient culture. Through that examination, trio distinct stylistic periods have been unveiled Geometric, Orientalizing and Archaic. This analysis will detail these distinct periods as well as three design techniques prevalently used black figure, red figure and white groundThe first definable period of Greek pottery, Geometric (c. 900-700 BCE), accounts for the majority of ancient vase impression still in existence today and as such, affords us the broadest view into this art form. The period attributes its name to the geometric forms that artists used to detail their vessels. The primary nonfunctional motifs that distinguish the period include parallel lines, concentric (Metropolitan Museum of artistic production)rituals as depicted in this Krater from 750 BCE which is characteristic of this era.The primary scene that occupies the widest portion of this particular vase depicts a dead soul body placed on its side on a funeral bier surrounded by family members and mourners. The secondary zone below details a procession of clam drawn chariots and soldiers carrying hourglass shields. The illustration of people and animals is both abstract and two-dimensional as artists of the Geometric era regularly used triangular torsos and long thin blazon and legs (Stokstad, 160). The second distinct period which originated in Corinth in 700 BCE and spanned one hundred years is now known as the Orientalizing period. This period gets its name from the introduction of Egyp tian and Eastern influences on Greek pottery during this time. The impact of foreign styles lead to the introduction of the black-figure technique that has come to epitomize the era. In Black-figure painting, figures and ornaments were drawn in silhouette on the natural clay surface of the vase ... ...des us with a glimpse into the ancient culture using beautiful and detailed designs. The art form has been prolong in fired clay for thousands of years indiscriminately telling its story to the world and to history.Bibliography1.Chamoux, Francois. The Pallas Library of Art Greek Art. Greenwich, New York. Graphic Society. 1966. 2. Stokstad, Marilyn. Art History. New York, New York. Harry Abrams, Inc. 2002.3. Black Figure. http//www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/CGPrograms/Dict/ASP/OpenDictionary.asp?nameblack-figure.html 10 November 2004.4. Red Figure. http//www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/CGPrograms/Dict/ASP/OpenDictionary.asp?namered- figure.html 10 November 2004.5. Orientalizing. http//www.beazley.ox.ac.u k/Pottery/Lecture1/Script/GreekPaintedPottery1.asp30 September 2004.6. Greek Pottery. http//www.search.eb.com/search?query=pottery&ct=eb 11 November 2004.7. Greek and Roman Art. http//www.metmuseum.org/Works_of_Art/viewHigh.asp?dep=13&full=0&set=3 11 November 2004.

Karl Marx :: Essays Papers

Karl MarxAre you a communist? No, a citizen of the United States of America cant be a communist. But Karl Marx was a communist, or at least he founded some of the main principles of communism, and Karl Marx firmly believed in some of the things that make this country what it is, like equality. But, Karl Marx was restrained a great political philosopher of his time, and a humanitarian. To really understand the principles of Marxs teachings one would have to field of study him, or at least read an test that describes Marxs life. There are three key elements to understanding Marx they are his childhood and education, the people that had the greatest influence on him, and his writings. At 200 A.M. of may 5, 1818, the life of the greatest political philosopher began. He was born in the Rhine province of Prussia, and was born to Henriette and Hirschel Marx (Payne 17). Hirschel Marx was a rich lawyer, and he was also a Jew (World Book encyclopedia 236M). On August 26, 1824 Kar l and his whole family were baptized, so his family turned away from its traditional Jewish teachings to Protestant Christianity (Payne 21). At the age of twelve Karl entered the Friedrich Wilhiem Gymnasium. He stayed there for 5 years excelling in foreign languages, but not really caring about mathematics and history (Payne 23). Karls father decided that Karl would attend the University of Bonn to study law (World Book Encyclopedia 236M). Karl became an active member of poetry clubs, while studying at the University. The poetry clubs of Marxs time was to a greater extent of a revolutionary club than anything. The club members would sit around and practice the art of revolution (Payne 43). Marx only stayed at the University of Bonn for two semesters. Karl then went on to attend the University of Berlin where he grew more distant from his father (Payne 52). Marxs father died on May 10, 1838 at the age of fifty-six. Marx didnt attend his fathers funeral, because the trip w as too far, and he was to busy (Payne 55). Marx spent a total of five years at the University of Berlin. People can be the greatest influence on a psyches life. One of the greatest influence on a person is the spouse.

Charles Dickens A Tale of Two Cities :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

In the 16th century Charles Dickens wrote the un leave behindtable novel A Tale of Two Cities. In it he created two of the most funny fictional characters of all time. One is the bloodthirsty Madame Defarge, and the other is the selfless Sydney Carton. Madame Defarge is a peasant who seeks revenge on all aristocrats who cross her path. In contrast, Sydney Carton is a man who is willing to do anything for the love of his bread and butter. While the actions of these two characters clearly delineate their differences, the underlying forces that drive each character are quite similar.From Madame Defarges actions, it is clear that she is the evil antagonist in the novel. Even in the manner that she is physically described, she is presented as dark and therefore she is seen as evil. She is as evil as she is because when she was younger the DEvremonde brothers killed her whole family. Now the purpose of her life is to procure revenge on the DEvremonde family and every other aristocrat. E ven when told by her darling husband she has gone to far, she does not stop. Instead her repartee to him was, Tell the wind and fire where to stop not me. In it she evidently expresses how she will never forget what was done to her family and how the DEvermondes are deserving of what they will receive. The actions she performs in her daily life demonstrate her evilness. In the novel it seems as though she is the bad kat who is starting up all the trouble. It is her need for revenge, in the book, that starts the revolution.While Dickens presents Sydney Carton as a worthless drunk, in contrast to Madame Defarge, he is the Christ-like frightful figure of the novel. He appears to the readers of A Tale of Two Cities as a worthless drunk and a man who has not acquired any high friendly position in his life. Also, it seems as though his life has resulted to nothing. At one point he says, I care for no man on earth, and no man on earth cares for me, but that changes when he meets Lucie Manette. He develops an undying juvenile-like love for her. Sydney is willing to do anything for her and tells her so in a beautiful mother tongue he made to her. In it he states, Think now and then that there is a man who would give up his life, to keep a life you love beside you.

The Ambiguous Line Between Right and Wrong in My Sisters Keeperby Jodi

There is an ambiguous line between right and ill-use that can cause difficulty when devising decisions. Jodi Picoults My Sisters steward demonstrates the colour area between right and wrong through a familys struggle with ethics. First, Annas character struggles to do what is right while keeping the consequences of her actions in mind. Second, Saras conflict with family shows how problematic it can be to do what check outms right for champions family. Finally, the symbolization of stars and dark matter depicts how inbred it can be to overlook what is unjust and only see what is right. Through Annas character, Saras conflict with gild, and the symbolism of stars and dark matter, Picoults My Sisters Keeper suggests that in order to do what is right, one may have to do what is perceived as wrong.First, Anna faces more challenges when making decisions that could have both positive and negative results surrounding her sisters acute promyelocytic leukemia. To begin with, Anna is a mature and independent teenager who is capable of making her testify decisions. Anna does not want to involuntarily donate a kidney to her sister, Kate, so she sues her parents for medical emancipation. By lacking full rights to her own body, which she is entitled to, Annas actions are perceived as selfish and morally wrong because she is risking Kates life. Eventually, at the climax of the novel, Anna demonstrates that she is compassionate by disclosing her hidden motive. Anna admits that Kate asked me to violent death her (Picoult 388), revealing her real reason for filing a lawsuit. Because Anna is doing this as the result of her sisters wish to die, she is doing the right thing for Kate, demonstrating that her wrong is really a right. ironically by the end of th... ...which is unfair for the overlooked star alone good for its twin. Stars and dark matter symbolize the difficulty there is in understanding and making decisions based on both what is right and what is wrong.I n conclusion, Picoults My Sisters Keeper suggests that there is an ambiguous line between doing what is right and what is wrong, as shown through Annas character, Saras conflict with society, and the symbolism of stars and dark matter. First, Anna struggles to balance her values and their repercussions. Second, Sara comes across many battles against society as she tries to do what is right for her family. Finally, the symbolism of stars and dark matter shows how what is right can beam what is also wrong. The overlap of what is purview to be right and what is thought to be wrong makes the reader contemplate his or her own decisions, and judgements of others. The Ambiguous Line between Right and Wrong in My Sisters Keeperby JodiThere is an ambiguous line between right and wrong that can cause difficulty when making decisions. Jodi Picoults My Sisters Keeper demonstrates the grey area between right and wrong through a familys struggle with ethics. First, Annas characte r struggles to do what is right while keeping the consequences of her actions in mind. Second, Saras conflict with society shows how problematic it can be to do what seems right for ones family. Finally, the symbolism of stars and dark matter depicts how natural it can be to overlook what is unjust and only see what is right. Through Annas character, Saras conflict with society, and the symbolism of stars and dark matter, Picoults My Sisters Keeper suggests that in order to do what is right, one may have to do what is perceived as wrong.First, Anna faces many challenges when making decisions that could have both positive and negative results surrounding her sisters acute promyelocytic leukemia. To begin with, Anna is a mature and independent teenager who is capable of making her own decisions. Anna does not want to involuntarily donate a kidney to her sister, Kate, so she sues her parents for medical emancipation. By wanting full rights to her own body, which she is entitled to, Ann as actions are perceived as selfish and morally wrong because she is risking Kates life. Eventually, at the climax of the novel, Anna demonstrates that she is compassionate by disclosing her hidden motive. Anna admits that Kate asked me to kill her (Picoult 388), revealing her real reason for filing a lawsuit. Because Anna is doing this as the result of her sisters wish to die, she is doing the right thing for Kate, demonstrating that her wrong is really a right. Ironically by the end of th... ...which is unfair for the overlooked star but good for its twin. Stars and dark matter symbolize the difficulty there is in understanding and making decisions based on both what is right and what is wrong.In conclusion, Picoults My Sisters Keeper suggests that there is an ambiguous line between doing what is right and what is wrong, as shown through Annas character, Saras conflict with society, and the symbolism of stars and dark matter. First, Anna struggles to balance her values and their repercussions. Second, Sara comes across many battles against society as she tries to do what is right for her family. Finally, the symbolism of stars and dark matter shows how what is right can outshine what is also wrong. The overlap of what is thought to be right and what is thought to be wrong makes the reader contemplate his or her own decisions, and judgements of others.

B.F. Skinner Essay -- Biographies Biography Psychologist Essays

B.F. skinnerB.F. mule skinner was born on March 20, 1904 in Susquehanna, Pennsylvania. He grew up in a happy and stable home environment. mule skinner spent a lot of time as a child building and inventing things. After muleteer attended Hamilton College, he worked as a newspaper writer. Then, he went to New York City for a few months and worked as a bookstore clerk. It was here that Skinner read books about the famous behavior theorists, Pavlov and Watson (B.F. Skinner Foundation, 2002).When Skinner turned 24, he attended graduate school at Harvard University. As a Psychology student, he teamed up with Physiology Professor, William Crozier. Together, they began to study the relationship amidst behavior and experimental conditions. During his time at Harvard, Skinner conducted many experiments exploitation rats (B.F.Skinner Foundation, 2002). Skinners findings made him the most influential psychologist of the 20th century (Roblyer,2003, p.57).B. F. Skinner concluded that people could mentally have control over all of their responses. He believed that a reinforcement and/or consequence given after a behavior would influence future behavior (Roblyer,2003, p.57). In other words, reinforcements and/or punishments raft shape human behavior. For example, if a child eats all of his vegetables at dinner and his parents reward him with positive words and a cookie, then the child will probably eat his vegetables at the next dinner.Skinners theory can be applied inside the classroom as well. A teacher can get her students to behave by positively reinforcing acceptable behavior and punishing or negatively reinforcing poor behavior. A teacher can also get her student to work hard in her class by doing the same thing. I am planning ... ... with Skinner when he said, The major problems of the world today can be solved completely if we improve our understanding of human behaviors (B.F.Skinner Foundation, 2003). As a future teacher, I believe that I can reinforce stude nts to behave desirably in the future. I can also positively reinforce the use of technology in the classroom so students are excited to learn about and use this technology. This is mainly because I feel technology is such an important tool in the classroom. In conclusion, B.F. Skinners theory about shaping behavior by using positive and/or negative reinforcements can be extremely useful in the classroom.Works CitedB.F.Skinner Foundation. (2002, October 18) About B.F.Skinner. Retrieved September 18,2003 from http//www.bfskinner.org/bio.aspRoblyer, M.D. (2003). Integrating Educational Technology into dogma Merril Prentice Hall.

B.F. Skinner Essay -- Biographies Biography Psychologist Essays

B.F. SkinnerB.F. Skinner was born on March 20, 1904 in Susquehanna, Pennsylvania. He grew up in a happy and stable home environment. Skinner spent a lot of time as a infant building and inventing things. after Skinner attended Hamilton College, he worked as a newspaper writer. Then, he went to New York City for a few months and worked as a bookstore clerk. It was here that Skinner read books about the famous behavior theorists, Pavlov and Watson (B.F. Skinner Foundation, 2002).When Skinner turned 24, he attended graduate school at Harvard University. As a Psychology student, he teamed up with Physiology Professor, William Crozier. Together, they began to study the relationship between behavior and experimental conditions. During his time at Harvard, Skinner conducted many experiments using rats (B.F.Skinner Foundation, 2002). Skinners findings made him the most influential psychologist of the 20th century (Roblyer,2003, p.57).B. F. Skinner concluded that people could mentally hav e control over all of their responses. He believed that a reinforcement and/or consequence given after a behavior would influence future behavior (Roblyer,2003, p.57). In other words, reinforcements and/or punishments grass compose human behavior. For example, if a child eats all of his vegetables at dinner and his p atomic number 18nts reward him with positive words and a cookie, then the child will probably eat his vegetables at the next dinner.Skinners theory can be applied inside the classroom as well. A teacher can get her students to behave by positively reinforcing acceptable behavior and punishing or negatively reinforcing poor behavior. A teacher can also get her student to work hard in her class by doing the same thing. I am planning ... ... with Skinner when he said, The major(ip) problems of the world today can be solved only if we improve our understanding of human behaviors (B.F.Skinner Foundation, 2003). As a future teacher, I believe that I can reinforce students to behave desirably in the future. I can also positively reinforce the use of technology in the classroom so students are excited to learn about and use this technology. This is mainly because I feel technology is such an important tool in the classroom. In conclusion, B.F. Skinners theory about shaping behavior by using positive and/or negative reinforcements can be extremely useful in the classroom. workings CitedB.F.Skinner Foundation. (2002, October 18) About B.F.Skinner. Retrieved September 18,2003 from http//www.bfskinner.org/bio.aspRoblyer, M.D. (2003). Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching Merril Prentice Hall.

Washington, Adams, Jefferson Presidencies

Washington, Adams,and Jefferson Presidencies Washington Inauguration elected by electoral college unanimously April 30, 1789 1st real(a) test of constitution defined lots of roles and traditions of executive Washingtons Crew Sec. Of State- Jefferson Sec. Of Treasury- Hamilton Sec. Of War- Henry Knox Attorney General- Edmund Randolph Pres. met with these men regularly for advice on major policies Creating Court System yet woo mentioned in the constitution was supreme court Judiciary act of 1789- one chief justice and 5 associate judges could make decisions on constitutionality 3 district courts and three circuit courts of appeals Hamilton to address the govt. financial difficulties assumption- consolidate debts from states to natl. govt. and pay off protect the infant industries- high tariffs to collect duties on solely imported goods and limit competition natl. cant- depositing govt. funds and print bank notes to stabilize US currency Arguments of the national bank Elastic claus e- can create laws which atomic number 18 necessary and proper loose constructionist constitution permitted everything not expressly forbidden Washington agreeFeared that states would lose power that the federal official govt. gained strict constructionist forbade everything it didnt permit wishy-washy primal govt. in favor of states Birth of Political Parties Federalist- Hamilton, Adams and Marshall aristocracy encouraged industry favored alliance w/ great Britain strong central govt. Dem-Republicans-Jefferson and Madison associated w/ masses development of agriculture Washington and NAs Indian intercourse act 1790- congress regulate trade w/ Indians and western trim acquired by treaty Americans continued to settle on Indian lands ed to bloody scrimmages TIMMMMMMMMBBBBEERRRRRRR Battle of Fall Timbers NW Ohio US army led by General Anthony Wayne defeated some Indians Treaty of Greenville Ohio soil given to Americans and open to settlement Whiskey Rebellion angered by excise ta x on distilled whiskey small band of PA farmers march toward Philly attacking tax collectors on the way Washington sent 15,000 troops led by Hamilton causes ascent to collapse Jefferson disagrees new govt proves effective in handling crisis West SideAfter states gave up western land claims congress encouraged western settlement Public disembark performance (1796) orderly procedures for dividing selling federal lands at a reasonable price VT 91 KY 92 TN 96 Proclamation of Neutrality (1793) believed America could not handle a European war went against popular belief and chose to stay out of war Jefferson resigned from the cabinet in disagreement Disrespecting Washington French minister Edmond Genet continued press Washington after Proclamation broke all and talked directly to the people to support the French WA wanted ambassador removedJefferson supported the removal French recalled Genet remained in US and became citizen Jay Treaty (1794) Jay was sent to Britain to talk about sei zures of US ships Britain hold to withdraw troops and pay damages for ships America concord to pay debts angered French supporters maintained neutrality Pinckney Treaty effect of Jay Treaty Spain wanted to consolidate holdings in America Thomas pinckney minister to Spain Spain agreed to open lower Mississippi and New Orleans to America without paying duties Spain agreed to accept US claims to Floridas northern boundary US agreed on nonaggression in WestWashingtons Farewell Address wrote letter to American people warned about not get into European affairs, no political parties, no steadfast alliances, avoid sectionalism left after two terms and set the precedent for future presidents Election of 1796 active political parties participated in election federalist candidate- tail end Adams Dem-Republican candidate-Jefferson Adams won by three votes Jefferson became vice president runner-up becomes vice presidents XYZ Affair French warships and privateers began seizing American merc hant ships Adams sent delegation to capital of France to negotiate inisters known as XY and Z requested bribes to enter negotiations America Reacts millions for defense but not one cent for tribute most Americans were appall and wanted war with France Adams popularity sky rocketed when he refused and raised and army led by Hamilton waged undeclared naval war convention of 1800- no more alliance and dont have to pay for cargo Federalist strengthen public anger against France strengthened the federalist in congress hoped to enact laws to limit their political opponentsNaturalization Act ncreased the years needed to become a US from 5 to 14 years most immigrants voted Dem-Republican Violating Rights to prevent french revolutionaires from entering the country and crippling Dem-Republicans alienate acts- authorized the president to deport any aliens considered dangerous Sedition act- made it illegal for newspaper editors to criticize govt. KY and VA resolutions state legislatures enac ted nullifying laws of alien and sedition acts KY and VA adopted a resolution- written by Jefferson and Madison both declare states had a right to nullify a federal law Judiciary Act of 1801 o visualize that federalists would continue to control courts Adams used this to add last minute appointments known as midnight judges Marbury v. Madison John Marshall ruled that supreme court did not have power over Jefferson judiciary act of 1789 unconstitutional Jefferson was awarded victory in exchange for Judicial Review Election of 1800 federalists lost popularity shame of alien and sedition acts taxes for maintaining an army republicans nominated Aaron Burr and Jefferson federalists nominated John Adams Revolution of 1800Thomas Jefferson and Aaron burr tied with 73 votes Hamilton supported Jefferson and HOR elected Jefferson first transit from 1 party to other w/o violence indication constitution would endure federalists changed power Dem-Republicans Ease of Transition maintained natio nal bank and debt repayment attempted to win trust of federalists carried out neutrality policies set by Washington and Adams Republican Principles reduce military eliminated a number of federal jobs repealed excise taxes lowered national debt only republicans were named to his cabinetLouisiana Territory french gained territory from Spanish napoleon wanted to sell the land fighting British halt rebellion in Santo Domingo US interested Spanish officials revoked right of deposit duty free use of New Orleans prevent America from getting involved in European affairs. Lewis and Clark started in St. Louis in 1804 and arrived on west coast in 1806 increased geographic and scientific knowledge of new territory strengthened us claims to Oregon territory improved relations with natives developed maps and land routes Negotiation for the TerritoryJefferson sent ministers to France to accept an offer no higher than 10 million no deal British American alliance napoleon offered 15 million ministe r accepted purchase of louisiana territory americans clear power to purchase land not in constitution purchased land for good of country used power to make treaties senate ratified Consequences of Purchase treble size of country remove foreign presence from borders extension of western lands strengthened Jefferson vision of agrarian society increased Jeffersons popularity showed federalists to be weak.

The Nature of the Soul

In St. Thomas doubting Thomas comprehensive Summa Theologica, the work consists of a lucubrate summary that pertains to the theological explanation on the nonion of the melodic lineation of God and the relationship between God and slice. The summa also tackles the divine reconciliation of creation and how it is achieved by Christ. doubting Thomas also enumerates the spirit of God and proofs of his existence through questions supported by arguments and claims.This method adopts several Aristotelian concepts where Aquinas explains the nature, origin, and purpose of the universe and how the amount of all concepts in a universal existence as an integral fictional character in achieving that purpose. Aquinas attempts to explain the totality of universal existence of the psyche, the existence of God, and Catholic doctrines through a rationalistic view. Aquinas attempts to explain the nature of the compassionate soul by positing s rase questions coupled with several endions in roam to clearly define the souls nature. These questions ask whether the soul is a body and whether the soul is a subsistence.Aquinas inquiry is furthered into the question of the souls of brute animals, if mans soul is composed of body, soul, matter, and work. The last two questions inquire on the souls corruptibility and its comparison to the species of angels. First, Aquinas asks whether the soul is a body and poses the following objections. The soul is a body since the soul is the foremost moving principle and the body can non act without a soul. Thus, if there is a thing that moves but not go, according to Aquinas, that thing is the main cause of eternal movement.Hence, Aquinas proves that the soul is a body since the soul is a mover that is travel, and every mover moved possesses a body. To further the objection, Aquinas elaborates that noesis is caused by semblance that is integral in assuming corpo trustworthy things. If, therefore, the soul were not a body, it could n ot cast off knowledge of corporeal things (Aquinas 663). The nature of the soul then is defined as the main principle or essence that is present in all things that live, which Aquinas calls as animate, moment having a soul. The inanimate are those that gain no life.Life is separated by knowledge and movement. Furthermore, Aquinas criticizes the ancient philosophers of having to maintain the warning that the soul is corporeal or specified in the bodily aspect. The philosophers of old, not being able to rise above their imagination, supposed that the principle of these actions was something corporeal for they asseverate that only bodies were real things, and that what is not corporeal is nothing(Aquinas 663). The ancient philosophers (the pre-Platonics, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle) defined the soul as a material essence as a crack of the universal order.If the soul is not corporeal or bordered by physical matter, then it cannot be cons authoritatived as something real. Aquin as rejects this statement by manifesting the difference between the body and soul. For it is clear that to be a principle of life, or to be a living thing, does not belong to a body as such since of, that were the case, every body would be a living thing, or a principle of life (Aquinas, 664). Thus, the soul is the act of the body, since the body in itself is the branch principle that defines life.Aquinas attempts to differentiate the soul between the animate and inanimate as well as the rational and irrational souls. Unique to human beings, man has will of reason or the ability to conceptualize choice. This will of reason is also the rational appetite of the individual that attempts to fulfill its purpose and attaining the good. In addition, Aquinas answers his first objection through the soul as something that is moved. Everything that moves is definitely moved by something else but not every mover is moved. Thus, certain things remain nonmoving or permanent as an effect of pre ceding causes.This explains the nature of the soul as a thing that is not essentially moved but moved accidentally. The body is then a thing that is moved inessentially, contrary to the soul. To be moved means that the soul passes from being a potence to being real or actual. The soul transcends from bodily knowledge through the intellect immaterial and universal. However, God is the source of understanding and therefore is the only being capable of true understanding. Furthermore, the soul is divided into the cognitive soul, wherein it has the choice of forming understanding and sensation.Contrary to Platos Theory of Forms where knowledge is derived, Aquinas argues that real knowledge comes from God Now participated existence is limited by the capacity of the participator, so that God alone, who is his own existence, is pure act and infinite (Aquinas, 671). Knowledge is then formed through the combination of the potential or passive senses (body) and the active or actual intellect (soul). On the question of the souls subsistence, Aquinas equates the soul as an act of understanding, meaning that the soul is the action of the body.Thus, the soul necessarily becomes incorporeal (separate from the body) and subsistent. Man can only understand the nature of all physical things through the body. For it is clear that by means of the intellect, man can have knowledge of all corporeal things. Now whatever knows certain things cannot have any of them in its own nature because that which is in it naturally would impede the knowledge of anything else (Aquinas, 665). Mans watchs are then dependent on the body, which is the only avenue in understanding the physical knowledge, different from the understanding of the soul.Similar to the foremost arguments and objections, mans soul is rational, and thus separates itself from that of animalistic reason. The body is necessary for the action of the intellect, not as its origin of action, but on the part of the object for the p hantasm is to the intellect what color is for sight (Aquinas, 666). Thus, these mental images are essential in acquiring knowledge as well as utilizing the use of sense experience in order to abstract such forms for understanding. On the notion of the souls incorruptibility, Aquinas argues that the soul may be corrupted in two ways per se and accidentally.He argues that any substance that can be corrupted accidentally is impractical since corruption is considered as a thing, along with existence. Therefore, whatever has existence per se cannot be generated or corrupted except per se while things which do not subsist, such as accident and material forms, acquire existence or lost through the generation or corruption of composite things (Aquinas, 672). Mans soul is then dependent on the subjective sensual experience that the individual experiences everyday in attaining the ideal since man is created in the image and likeness of God.The passage also implies causal explanations toward s the nature of mans choicethat every actions constitutes a reaction that necessarily corrupts the soul of man. This corruption comes from man itself and not from another generation or cause. The soul remains pure while the body experiences corruption because of misleading sensual experiences that does not act as universals. In addition, Aquinas adds that even though the soul may be composed by matter and form, it still remains incorruptible for corruption possesses contradiction. Since generation and corruption are from contraries and into contraries.Wherefore the heavenly bodies, since they have no matter subject to contrariety, are incorruptiblethere can be nor contrariety in the human soul for it receives according to the manner of its existence (Aquinas 673). The attainment of knowledge lies in the nature of mans soul where the intellectual capability of the individual is a separate entity from that of the soul while remaining a part of the soul. The soul is also the capacity t o reason, a similar term used by Platonic philosophers and the like as a means of attaining knowledge.Aquinas shares the same similarities with Aristotle as mans essence is its rationality. However, Aquinas does not total mans entirety with rationality, contrary to Aristotle. In addition, Aquinas also rejects the nature of innate ideas of Plato since the physical mind forms phantasms that are derived mental images from sensual experience. From this, human being form passive knowledge from experience and the soul forms active knowledge. Further, if the soul were subsistent, it would have some operation apart from the body.However, it has no operation apart from the body, not even that of understanding for the act of understanding does not take place without a phantasm, which cannot exist apart from the body (Aquinas, 665). These phantasms are not considered as universal knowledge since there is would be subjectivism instead of an objective standard of truth. According to Aquinas, God is the only source of knowledge contrary to a subjective sensual experience which contradicts the notion of an objective truth. The soul is then a reaction, the unmoved object that grants substantial truth as it relates itself to the function of the body.Moreover, the body is also an integral part of knowledge, as it provides sensual experience that directly hands abstractions. Though sensual experience does not necessitate in becoming universal knowledge, the souls active intellect filters the passive knowledge of the body into one. However, even though sense experience is necessary in formulation phantasms or mental images of an object as well as a universal concepts that applies to all things, it is impossible to have knowledge of a particular material object because there is already a conception of a mental image of it.Though the way to know the essence of a physical object is through abstraction, we cannot entirely have a real grasp of what that object is. All knowledge then i s necessitated as abstract. This abstraction process leads to the use of scientific knowledge where there is an hint of knowledge through cause and effect. On the other hand, it remains that the intellect has limitations with regard to abstract knowledge. We may have a concept or a grasp of what is sweet or sour through experience but we can never understand the real meaning of sweetness and sourness in itself.

Margaret Floy Washburn

Margaret floy Washburn was a strong intellectual woman, the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology, was born on July 25th in Harlem in New York City to parents who strongly encouraged intellectual pursuits. Washburn was notably a teacher, however she worked in many areas of psychology and it well-known for her contributions in surmise development (including her motor theory), experimental work, animal behavior and professional service.Besides publishing over 200 scientific articles and reviews, she translated Wundts Ethical Systems, 1897, and wrote two books The Animal Mind, 1908 and feces and Mental Imagery, 1916. Between 1905 and 1938, she published sixty-eight studies from the Vassar Psychological Laboratory-an undergraduate laboratory with 117 students as joint authors. The summers of 1913-1917 she taught psychology in the summer sessions at Columbia University the abjure of 1928 when, on her only sabbatical leave, she took a Mediterranean cruise and the summers of 1929 and 1932 during which she traveled to England and Copenhagen.She was cooperating editor in chief of the Psychological Bulletin, 1909-1915 associate editor of the Journal of Animal Behavior, 1911-1917 advisory editor of the Psychological Review, 1916-1930 and associate editor of the Journal of Comparative Psychology, 1921-1935. In 1921, she was president of the American Psychological Association that same year, she was awarded a prize of $500 by the Edison Phonograph Company for the best research on the effects of musica study of The Emotional Effects of Instrumental Music in coaction with a colleague in the Department of Music at Vassar. In 1932, she was the U.S. delegate to the International Congress of Psychology in Copenhagen.

A&P/Araby Comparison

Christopher Nguyen Dr. Pedersen, 1130-1230 Araby and A&P Araby, written by James Joyce 1914 was about a young boy on a quest to woo over the girl of his adolescent dreams. A&P, written by John Updike in a completely different time period, was a story about a young store clerk trying to impress three teenagers by defend them from his manager. Both story lines are different, as well as the time periods and morals, but somehow and in some way, they share many similarities.Between the two stories, you could go through a bunch of examples of how they are similar, but one and only(a) of the more distinct ones is the fact that both stories are told from a first person propose of view. In our first story Araby, it is told from the young boys point of view. Although zip fastener is said much about the little boy himself, we can tell from his point of view that he has a very big crush on his friends older sister. We also see from his point of view that he lives with an unappreciative uncle and a concerning aunt. From our other story A&P we go into the life of Sammy.In his point of view, we find out that Sammy is a store clerk for a small-town A&P store start in Georgia. He obviously isnt excited about his rail line, but when three teenage girls wearing nothing but bikinis on a random hot summer day, he takes notice. In the end, when his manager comes out and ridicules the girls for coming into the store looking indecent, Sammy decides to quit his job in bon ton to defend the ladies thinking that they would commend him for his efforts. Sadly his actions go unnoticed and thats when we all pick up that life from there on go out be harder for him.Theres another element in these two stories that share similar traits. Its the conflict between the main character and the antagonist. In Araby, its the little kid falls for the pretty girl, only to be stopped by the antagonist, this case his drunken and broke uncle. A&P is a eccentric person similar and it starts out with Sammy falling for Queenie and eventually Lengel, the store manager, is his opposition. Neither characters end up with what they truly wanted in the beginning, but it makes them realize that this is only the beginning.There is one special similarity between these two stories is so great that the authors hid well in the text was the vast imagery. In Araby, there was a vast fare of imagery and a lot of it referred back to the bible such as when he talks about Mangans sisters holding her spikes, how her brothers were chip over a cap, and how her hair fell over on side of her dress. In A&P, it referred to how Queenie was in some way a mermaid because of her long, white prima-donna lets and how she came down heavy on her heals.Sammy was in a way, mesmerized like Oedipus had been when they cross paths with the sirens. Although A&P and Araby have different story lines and plots, what they do have in common are hidden messages and dilemmas. Both main characters took the road of chivalry a nd romance, but obviously it didnt work out for them. However it did make them realize that nothing in life is going to be so easy, and in order to achieve their goals, they would have to go through more experiences in order to get what they want later in life.

Behavioralism & Political Science

The field of governmental Science is a field that is rich in issues and sockledge. It contains many issues that whitethorn be caseful of inquiry. In this field, many queries have been made and many lookes have been performed. The years have shown an evolution of research moldes involving many different methods and approaches, targeting different goals, and focus oning on different aspects of an issue.One of the most popular of these approaches is the behavioralist approach. The behavioralist approach has been used in many inquiries in Political Science and has been subject of analyses of many scholarly works pertaining to the field.In this essay, I will examine two of such works. The first of them is David Sanders Behaviouralism and the second is Robert A pigeon-pea plants The Behavioral Approach in Political Science Epitaph for a Monument to a Successful Protest. David Sanders Behaviouralism is a quick look at some of the important concepts involved in behavioralist studies . This involves an examination of the core perplexity what do actors involved actually do and how can we best explain how they do it? It emphasizes the quest of behavioralists for reliability and truth.This can be shown through the use of quantifiable, in addition to qualitative, measures or statistical techniques, the attempt to explain all empirical evidence or at least a representative sample, and the requirement of falsifiability. It emphasizes on the criteria of being internally consistent, consistent with former(a) theories explaining related phenomena and undecided of generating empirical predictions. The tone withal delved on the criticisms thrown against behavioralism. Among these is the tendency to emphasize what can be easily measured and what can be easily observed.This results to a failure to comprehend the big picture because of the focus on smaller aspects of an issue that is capable of measurement. However, as the Sanders wrote, this is not to say that all exa mples of behavioral research are flawed. Behavioral research has vast contributions to the understanding and explanation of social behavior.This strength, consort to Sanders, is derived mainly from the determination to pursue forms of analysis that are capable of replication. On the other hand, Robert A. Dahls The Behavioral Approach in Political Science Epitaph for a Monument to a Successful Protest is a historical and evolutionary account of the theory of behavioralism. It touches on the main concepts and ideas behind the theory, such as the main question involved in behavioral research, the scientific nature of its purpose, the goal of discovering analogousities and indicating the consequences of such patterns, and use of quantitative alikels whenever possible (767). However, the articles main focus is on how the approach has originated and evolved through time.According to Dahl, the behavioral approach was originally a protest movement within political science. It resulted fr om a strong sense of dissatis occurrenceion with the achievements of conventional political science and a belief that additional methods and approaches either existed or could be developed (766). The article then goes on to discuss the reactions to the behavioral approach and its contributions in the field of research, especially in voting studies (769-770). It finished its word with a prediction of the future of behavioralism as a research approach in the field of political science.Dahl believes that, from being a movement of protest, the behavioralist approach will slowly decay as a characteristic mood and outlook and will become, and in fact already is becoming, incorporated into the main body of the discipline, thus marking its success as a research approach (p. 770). The introduction of behavioralism provided a good bridge between the purely qualitative approach to social science research and the systematic, reliable and verifiable methodologies of quantitative research.It is undeniable fact that social science research is a complex arena where various actors, factors and circumstances interact to produce results that is often not uniform and regular, unlike in the field of hard science. Most factors are difficult to isolate and measure. Trends are difficult to establish and changes clean and research results have a higher margin of error. This is due to the fact that the subjects of social science research are mostly individuals or entities composed by individuals.This is why, for a really presbyopic time, most research methodologies in social science are too flexible and indefinite. The inherent difficulty of measuring social science phenomena prevented the field from create a research methodology as rigid as that in the hard science. This difficulty is the reason why, despite the attempts to achieve the reliability of the scientific method, behavioralism frame to be mostly qualitative, thus victimisation quantitative methods however when possi ble.While many volume recognize the contribution of behavioralism in the field of political science, many people also throw criticism to its validity as a method. The main contribution of behavioralism that sets it apart from other approaches is also the source of these criticismsmeasurability and verifiability. While these criticisms whitethorn actually true, they do not render behavioralism useless. The task of a researcher is not only to employ a research method and accept the results as it is. A good researcher knows that his data whitethorn be polluted or compounded.Due to the complexity of political science phenomena, a researcher should not only be able to identify and isolate the factors that should be measured, it should also know the other factors that may affect or even pollute the results of his research. He should know that his methods are not perfect and there is probability for mistakes. This is especially necessary in the field of political science where the possibi lity of compounding is high the luck to make a research that encompass all factors is low. Both Dahls and Sanders articles are incomplete discussions of the Behavioralist approach.This is partly due to the fact they are only parts of a whole collection of articles in a book. Therefore, their goal is not actually to give a comprehensive discussion of behavioralism, but rather to give and discuss only a few of its aspects and main features. Their foci are only on certain aspects of the approach. Therefore, while the discussion may not be said to be exhaustive and comprehensive as regards behavioralism as the articles subject matter, they are exhaustive and comprehensive within their respective limits.First, Robert A. Dahl was able to provide a comprehensive presentation of the origin and development as an approach. He was able to identify the reason the approach was introduced and the factors that facilitated its growth. He was also able to note the changes that the approach has under taken and some of its most notable contributions in research. It even provided a prediction of the future of behavioralism. On the other hand, David A. Sanders provided a very brief but complete discussion of the essence of behavioralism, including its strengths and weaknesses as a research approach.While the discussion is not too in-depth to the point of being technical, the discussion is comfortable for a person, even with a non-political science background to understand what behavioralism is and what sets it apart from other theories. The articles by both authors are well- back up. Dahls article was supported by detail facts in history that are cited to facilitate the discussion about the development of behavioralism. These facts and details show the quality of research that went into the work.Sanders article, on the other hand, is supported by illustrations. Since the discussion is as regards relevant concepts, the approach is more of illustrating the dynamics of behavioral ap proach through the use of examples. As for the agency of writing, Robert Dahls article reaches more to the audience because of its style of writing. The use of the word I and the insertion of several personal insights while discussing hard facts contributed to the dynamic and smooth reading process that the reader may experience while reading the article.The paradox one may experience while reading is that, while the article tackles about development, something which may be done with just a recital of facts, Dahl was able to made the discussion something that is not a mere recital of facts, but an expression of his own insights. Therefore, the author avoided putting distance between him and his article and made the article his own. The audience of the article is those that belong to the field. This may be gleaned from the fact that the focus is on development and not on concepts.There is an assumption that the readers already have basic understanding of the theory of behavioralism, and can thus relate to what the author is saying. much(prenominal) initial understanding of behavioralism is necessary for the reader to be able to relate to what the author is discussing and form a personal evaluation as regards the validity of the authors observation. Sanders style of writing takes the opposite form of than of Dahls. His is a more formal discussion of the concepts. His article is more appropriate for readers who are just being introduced to behavioralism.The discussion may be as formal as a discussion in political science may allow, but the language used is simple and easy to comprehend. It discussed behavioralism from its core concepts to the ideas which revolved around it such as scientific approach and quantitative research. Unlike Dahl, Sanders places a distance between him and his article by using a formal format in the discussion. Dahl and Sanders articles offer a comprehensive discussion of behavioralism. However, read apart, they are limited only as to t heir specific purposesDahls as to the development of behavioralism and Sanders as to the core concepts and ideas involved.All in all, both articles are satisfactory pieces about behavioralism. They are clear, concise and informative, without being too rigid and technical. They are straight to the point, elaborating only when needed. They are both useful, especially for new students of Political Science. References Dahl, R. A. The Behavioural Approach in Political Science Epitaph for a Monument to a Successful Protest, American Political Science Review, vol. 55, no. 4 (1961), pp 763-772.Sanders, David Behaviouralism in Marsh, David and Gerry Stoker, Theory and Methods in Political Science (Basingstoke Palgrave, 2002) ch. 2..