Love in “A Midsummer Nights Dream” Essay

In Shakespeare’s â€Å"a Midsummer Nights Dream† love is shown in many different ways. During the play there are many different sub-stories and extra plots that it is easy for Shakespeare to add many different ideas, these sub-stories in the play are the story of Pyrimus & Thisbee and also the story of the Fairy King and Queen Oberon and Titania. With these added plots in place Shakespeare adds the themes of deceit, magic and confusion. In Act 1 Scene 1 parental love is shown when Hermia’s father Egeus tries to get his daughter to marry Demetrius who he believes is much better for Hermia than her true love Lysander. Egeus believes he is protecting his daughter by attempting to force her to marry Demetrius but is actually going against his daughters wishes as she wants to marry Lysander, Egeus then presents her with an ultimatum which makes her choose to marry Demetrius of live a Celibate life in the church and it is at this point in the play that Hermia and Lysander choose to runaway. This is a good example of parental love going terribly wrong as Egeus loses control over his daughter when she deceives him by running away with the man her father disapproves of her marrying, this also starts of the plot of the confused lovers. Shakespeare portrays the confusion between Hermia, Lysander, Helena and Demetrius by using the fairies and the ideas of dreams and magic so the reader cannot tell what is reality and what is fantasy. It is at this point in the play when the fairies are brought into the play as the mischievous ‘Puck’ causes mayhem between the four Athenians. The confusion is caused when Oberon sees Helena constantly doting over Demetrius despite Demetrius’s love for Hermia, he then sends Puck to fetch a magical flower to put on the eyes of Demetrius so that he would wake and set eyes on Helena and fall in love with her, but this all goes wrong when he places the flower on Lysander’s eyes and he is woken by Helena, consequently falling in love with Helena and snubbing Hermia. The confusion thickens further as Puck then also applies the magical flower to Demetrius and he also falls in love with Helena and results in Lysander and Demetrius fighting over Helena. This keeps the r eaders interest because of the sudden role reversal between Hermia and Helena. The Confused Lovers is written into the play well into the play very well and effectively and by portraying it using fantasy and  magic Shakespeare is able to add another dimension to the play. By bringing magic into the play Shakespeare introduces the deceitful element to the love and also a higher level magical degree. The story of Oberon and Titania is one of Male Dominance, Jealousy and Conflict. Titania and Oberon are king and queen of the fairies and there relationship affects the goings on of nature. Titania’s part in the play is highly unpredictable as she shows love for 3 different characters; these characters are Oberon, Nick Bottom, and The changeling child. These are three different types of love, her love for Oberon seems forced and full of conflict, her love for Nick Bottom is due to the same magic as used on the confused lovers and her love for the Changeling Child is out of care and consideration as she has rescued it. The changeling child sparks the argument between Oberon and Titania and this leads to Titania’s abrupt love for Nick Bottom. This is planned by Oberon as revenge for Titania not giving him the changeling child as a servant. Titania’s love for Bottom is only due to magic and many other aspects, one of these aspects is Titania’s love of being in love and the love for bottom is very wrong. It is wrong as he is an innocent victim of Oberon and Puck’s trouble making and cannot do anything to stop what has happened and Titania takes advantage of this using her beauty and the luxurious treatment he gives him to get what she wants while he believes it is a dream, we realise this as he isn’t sure where he is or what happened to him. There is love between Hermia and Lysander and also Demetrius and Helena either side of the confusion when the four venture into the forest. The love between Lysander and Hermia is very true and exists from Lysander to Hermia and vice versa. This is displayed very early on in the play when Lysander refuses to give up on Hermia when her father demands she marry Demetrius and also when Hermia is willing to run away from a life of spoils and riches just to be with Lysander. This love is still the same at the end as neither Hermia nor Lysander have any memory of what happened due to magic yet again. On the other hand the love between Demetrius & Helena is forever changing up until the end of the play, at the start Helena’s love for Demetrius is doting and obsessive but Demetrius returns none of this love. This is well  shown when they are in the forest and Helena says â€Å"the more thy object me the more I dote on you† she continues to make comments like this even when Demetrius continually rejects her, it is obvious he dislikes Helena as he makes comments such as â€Å"I love thee not, therefore pursue me not† this makes it obvious to Helena that Demetrius dislikes her but she still pursues him right up until the end of the play when he finally falls in love with her. Although once more this love is only due to the magical works of Puck. The problems between Hermia and her father are resolved when the four now unconfused lovers are found by Theseus and Egeus in the forest, Theseus then heard of there love for each other and declared â€Å"fair lovers you are fortunately met† and all happiness is achieved. The four lovers have no memory of the events that have happened and think it is all a dream but it is actually reality. Shakespeare uses a variation of techniques and themes to portray love in â€Å"A Midsummer Nights Dream†. Many are successful but the sub plot of Pyramus and Thisbee is unsuccessful as it does not play a major part in the play and the reader knows that the happenings of the play are not reality but with the other themes the reader does not know whether the happenings were reality or not. The other themes are successful because of the fact that there is no differentiating between reality and dreams, I think Shakespeare is successful in portraying love in the play and I also believe that his extensive use of various themes is a key to this success.

Range of Problems Final Essay

In developing our quest of facing human service problems we are going to break out in categories of how I have learned them. My definition of problems is an experience or difficulty that the client has experienced due to the problems of living in today’s world. A Human Service Professional provides varied roles and assumes several responsibilities to help with successful care and devotion to the client to overcome their needs first hand. Choosing to work with people is a field that is a wonderful feeling and opportunity, helping makes a difference in many people’s lives. It contributes to building up values, helps inspire others for the work one is doing, gives ethical morale to agency and team of human service professionals you work with. Having unconditional acceptance for your clients and establishing a commitment to them treating them as you would want to be treated will help bring healing and establish the relationship that you so need to get them on their road to recovery. Finally, having honesty and awareness of yourself, knowing where you are in life, where you are going will always keep you in reflection of these principles. Understanding what our system in whole has developed will help us work effectively to recognize individuals situations and evaluate them carefully. There are three modules of service delivery and the interactions that formulate a successful means of treatment for the clients. You will find that many Professionals, such as Psychologist, Practitioners, Doctors, Therapists, Social Workers, and Counselors will utilize these modules to help diagnose and treat individuals. The medical module was openly seen as individuals were not â€Å"well† or â€Å"ill†. Then as time evolved the psychoanalytic method developed which is what we are using today, where patients are talking to therapist and a new theory of neurosis had taken place. Mental behavior has been an epidemic people are still unsure how to  approach, understanding the validity and following up with treatment and aftercare will improve as testing allows us. It is still a growing concern today as â€Å"living with problems† life is going so fast and we just don’t know how to slow down to deal with the way things are flying at us. The human service model focuses on the involvement between environment and persons trying to reach for balance. The public health model is focusing on geographical problems like abuse, poverty, illness is specific age brackets in categories, (children, the elderly) psychological, psychosis, ego or unexpected disasters that the client has endured or been diagnosed with. Gaining this foundation has proven to offer a course of action that will provide a standard classification to the direction of establishing the form of service to the client. A brief review of some problems that the human service professional’s face and identifying the helping skills that are most likely be used to help the client will be our subjects that we will be focusing on in the next few paragraphs. I would like to begin with a problems facing our human society that in my research I discovered about age and gender. According to Anderson et al. (1995) (Cultural Diversity and Suicide pg. 24) males completed suicide rate four times higher than females. Males used more lethal methods (i.e., handguns), but over 40 percent of females now choose handguns as their suicide choice as well. Adolescents and young adults (ages fifteen to twenty-four) and for people generally white men, over the age of seventy. Suicide is now the leading cause of death among fifteen- to nineteen- year- old adolescents. Clinicians may focus on the suicidal client’s view that life will never get better and that he or she will always be alone and have a poor job. The professional would attempt to get the client to view these thoughts more objectively and indicate to the client some thought provoking questions. Such as, â€Å"If you were to kill yourself who would you want to find you?† This question will serve two purposes: first, it will indicate to the client that suicide is only one of many options and, second, to determine with whom they may be upset with (redirect their thinking). Suicide is often based on an impulsive decision and that this decision can be faulty based on several factors, gaining rapport with the client helped them see their options. The Professional would like to ask the client to keep a thought log, to write down their thoughts and behaviors, this will help the client feel a sense of  purpose, hope and self-worth as well. Addiction and dependence, the seeking and searching for the drugs that effect our environments, communities, schools, our loved ones, and even our trusted medical and clergy fellowman/women. Yes, it is so very unfortunate, the craving for alcohol, crack, cocaine, heroin, ecstasy, and prescription drugs, marijuana that calls your name in the middle of the night. People can’t seem to get away from it, psychologically, they are physically dependent on it. Its severity varies with the individual, the situation and the substance. The National Institute on Drug Addiction reveals substance abuse has been linked to mental health problems, illness and occupational problems. It affects their social life and their ability to function as a healthy individual. (The Truth about Drugs pg.21, 22, 35) The complexity of the assistance required from the Professional depends on the severity of the problem and the state of the client. The Professional can use the Erikson’s stages developmental model to identify some of the problems with earlier stages of basic human life span. Developing a rapport with the individual, breaking the ice with the client, asking open- ended questions to get them to open up about their now situations. The helping process occurs over a period of time and there is preparation, application, administration, and certain strategies to be explored as a whole person. We may experience a client who has been involuntarily referred to our facility for counseling. For example, a court order was given to a juvenile because he committed a crime and he had been incarcerated. Depending on the crime judges do want them to receive counseling, to help in the social services department, or handle responsibilities related to their crimes. In conclusion we have covered the modules, some problems facing our human service clients today and the helping skills our Professionals use to assist with the road to recovery for the wellbeing of the client. Living life day to day with its problems are always going to affect each individual differently. As a person seeking a career in human services I value understanding the core strengths of listening, communication and teaching, advocating, and making myself be aware of the responsibilities of what is best for the client.

International Company in Management or Business Case Study

International Company in Management or Business - Case Study Example The adoption of a formal training will enable the management of the company to assess if employees are accomplishing desired results and establish what training and development requirements can help employees to attain desirable output. This paper explores the need for formal training by looking Samsung Company, a multinational manufacturer of phones, laptops, televisions and many other items. Samsung Company has its headquarters in South Korea in Samsung town, Seoul (Samsung, 2015, p. 1). Samsung conducts training for its employees to build more effective, efficient and highly motivated workforce to enable them to remain competitive and harness the best out of them. Through its training, programs, the company has a ready pool of professionals to fill up the vacancies created in new markets and those left by old employees. Samsung Company (http://www.samsung.com/us/aboutsamsung/) has a training program called career growth, which enables it to conduct formal professional training and development to its employees in order to improve their performance and boost the company’s productivity. The company’s career growth program is mainly made up of five basic components: New Employee Gate Program, Leadership Program, Next-Gen Program, Professional Training and Global Capacity Development. New Employee Gate Program welcomes new employees to the company and gives them self-satisfaction of being part of a successful company. Leadership Program aims at developing instills potential leaders with crucial leadership skills to enable them to execute organizational duties efficiently at every management hierarchy of the company. Next-Gen Leader Development Program aims at finding talented individuals within the organization and training them as regional experts and future technology leaders.

Contemporary Issues in American Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Contemporary Issues in American Society - Essay Example If Americanization really is a feature of the new global community, what are the ramifications of the Americanization of the world? From a historical standpoint, what explains the Americanization of the world and is this beneficial to the global community? Accordingly, what are the benefits to the United States of a globalized world in which US cultural hegemony reigns supreme? Aiming to address these questions and many more as they relate to the globalization phenomenon in the 21st century, the following will explore how globalization affects the United States of America. According to scholars Kelly and Prokhovnik, globalization is a complex phenomenon which is difficult to understand. Accordingly, â€Å"although the globalization of culture seems in some ways obvious in our daily lives, it is not an entirely straightforward matter. Culture is a complicated and pervasive phenomenon, taking many forms.† (48) Seeking to address the issues surrounding the Americanization of the world and the role of the United States has played in creating a mass market â€Å"world culture†, the following aims to provide a concise overview the charges leveled against the United States as an cultural, economic and political hegemon. This exploration will seek to explore American culture on a global scale while looking at such issues as the spread of American youth culture, globalization as an American-inspired economic force and the global spread of American democratic governance. In the post-World War Two period, the globalization of American values began in earnest following the near total physical, economic and social devastation of the European continent. Post WW-II, a social revolution paved the way for the international export of American values and ideas throughout the globe. For the United States, the social revolution of the nineteen-sixties was importantly also a cultural revolution. In fact, the â€Å"rise of a specific, and extraordinarily

The American people in the US-Led Afghanistan and Iraq War Essay

The American people in the US-Led Afghanistan and Iraq War - Essay Example in Smith 125). More than its military might, the real power of the US lies in its high moral ground in defending civil liberties and the rule of law at home and abroad. With this consistent posturing, the US government gets high support from the American public and the international community, cementing its appearance of invincibility and making its citizens feel secure against any external threat. However, this long-held belief was eroded when Osama Bin Laden’s Al-Qaeda unprecedentedly attacked the symbols of US power in New York City, Washington D.C. and Shanksville, Pennsylvania on September 11, 2001. This shocked the world and inflicted harm against the US far beyond its number of casualties and destroyed properties, as it had created deep fear of insecurity among Americans, exposing the vulnerability of the world’s super power. In reprisal, the Bush administration immediately launched its international war against terror not simply to expunge terrorism but most imp ortantly to pacify and bring back the myth of US invincibility to the American public that for many decades had made them feel secure and superior. Unfortunately, the result had been the opposite. In its war against terror, the US has unwittingly stripped off itself of its real hegemonic motives and exposed its total disregard to civil liberties, inevitably reversing the American public and international support into condemnation. Bush’s full military offensive against terrorism had been a backlash, not only against his administration but against America. II War Justification and Motives The 9/11terrorist attack on the US soil served the Bush administration in two important ways that would later unmask the US government to its own people and to the world. First, it served as warning that the American public is no longer safe in their own land, which created in them deep fear of insecurity to the point of paranoia. This called for a review on US foreign policy sharpening the v iew that US hegemony might have been creating and fuelling anti-US sentiments giving terrorists reason to attack America – a view that although not new was not given much thought before, much more by the American public. Second, this had become an opportunity to send America to war, as the fragile state of the American public was carefully manipulated to conveniently justify a war that Bush and his cowboys found decisive in insuring the strategic positioning and in imposing the US hegemonic interest in the Middle East. Never before had there been an attack attempted against the US on its own soil that was as bold and sophisticated as the bombing of the World Trade Center and Pentagon. This did not simply shock the world but had created in the American public the deep fear of insecurity, seeing that international terrorism had grown into a potent enemy capable of harming even the most formidable nation in the world. Meaning, nothing is seemingly safe against international terr orism and that America was no longer a safe place to live in. This thought sent a chilling effect on Americans, especially those living conveniently in their homes. Opportunely, too, the Al-Qaeda had been so easily transformed into a new enemy of the world replacing the collapsed communist Soviet Union. Thus the neo-conservatives in the Bush administration had created a convincing myth to push for their long desired war in the Middle East without much opposition. (Shah 6) The magnitude of the casualty and the sophistication of the tactic employed by Al-Qaeda in 9/11 attack had really shaken not only

Jihadi John and London's Culture of Gang Violence Assignment

Jihadi John and London's Culture of Gang Violence - Assignment Example Mohammed Emwazi alias Jihadi John is an example of a self-proclaimed British young Muslim who has joined the ISIS where he is now an IS executioner. Mohammed Emwazi grew up in a highly populated and poverty-stricken city with high levels of shootings, drug wars, and gang violence. Mohammed Emwazi grew up in a middle-class background and poverty does not appear to have motivated him to join radical groups. Mohammed Emwazi joined â€Å"London Boys† that was a criminal gang in north-west London that engaged in violent robberies to support the extremists, Al-Shabaab. Recently, extremists have been associating with organized criminal gangs like the London Boys. Emwazi grew up in North London and turned to drugs, gangs, and violence to escape from alienation that young Muslims experienced in London. Indeed, Muslim prison population has been increasing where 27 % of all prisoners in London are Muslims. Emwazi listened to radical preachers and attended their rallies that helped him to understand his Islamic identity. Radical Islam lures young Muslims since it creates a sense of brotherhood. Joining the criminal gangs and later the radical Islamist group, ISIS helped Emwazi and like-minded people to overcome tribal differences and escape uncertainty. Apparently, the article, Jihadi John and London's culture of gang violence establish what is pushing and drawing young Muslims in London into joining ISIS. The fractured environments that young Muslims live in push young Muslims in London into joining ISIS. The gang experiences that young Muslims gain in living in areas with high levels of shootings, drug wars, and gang violence derives the courage to join and support the activities of ISIS. These criminal gangs support the activities of radical Islamist groups.  

Causes for the 2007-08 Financial Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Causes for the 2007-08 Financial Crisis - Essay Example The property market was a major contribution to the financial crisis. The collapse in prices of mortgaged houses put homebuyers in debts as they had speculatively spent so much money on overvalued property. The financial crisis arose from weak financial policies, which permitted banks among other financial institution make precarious investments as the outline portrays. b. Response: The financial crunch affected investment in the real estate’s industry first in the United States before the effects spiraled to other major global economies thus reducing the volume of activities at major stock markets thus culminating in the crisis. a. Response: With intense speculation on the size and lucrativeness of the industry, numerous investors including financial institutions increased to invest and compete for the market (Starkman, 2014). b. Both commercial and investment banks thus competed for the market. They introduced precarious policies that permitted the banks to invest extensively in the industry without cushioning themselves from the unpredictable nature of the

Us History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Us History - Essay Example ritish forces had won the war but the repercussions of war were never good for the Americans as Sugar Act and various other steps were taken to crush the American natives. Thomas Paine had published pamphlets to stimulate revolt against the British rule due to ongoing situation and in response to the pamphlet Charles Inglis wrote arguments in favor of reconciliation with the Britain. â€Å"Declaring independence by the American was not favorable due to insufficiency of resources and it came up with many challenges. So in short term, reconciliation was the remaining workable option.† According to Charles Inglis (1776), after attainment of independence by the America would create huge economic challenges that it would not be able to meet without British support. Britain would support the American trade because of its widely developed naval force and seamen otherwise American trading ships would be at risk. Reconciliation would also bring peace that could result in demolishing war tax and promotion of trade. Many human lives had been lost and further turmoil would endanger several lives as well, hence peace could serve as the only possible solution (Oakes). During 1760s Jefferson, Hamilton, Paine and many other revolutionists were of view that independence from British rule could give due rights to common people and would cultivate egalitarianism. However Inglis was of view that turmoil and use of force would only be accelerated because of declaration of independence and unrest would never end the claims to vanish slavery. Further it would disunite the people of America and progress would be hindered while distribution of wealth would remain the same as it were in the British rule. Post revolution time revealed the fact that wealth distribution had not been changed as it was claimed by the revolutionists (Lecture Note: Post Revolution). Inglis was also of view that proved right with the passage of time that none of the European nation would like to trade with

Financial Analysis Of Marks & Spencer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Financial Analysis Of Marks & Spencer - Essay Example Marks & Spencer Board comprises of the Chairman, Chief Executive, one executive director. The Board is responsible for the success of the company. Through the Chief Executive, the Board delegates to management the overall performance of the company through the setting of clear objectives, building long-term management capability and ensuring that the business is managed in conformity with the business principles.  Marks & Spencer Board comprises of the Chairman, Chief Executive, one executive director, and four on-executive directors. The Board is responsible for the success of the company. Through the Chief Executive, the Board delegates to management the overall performance of the company through the setting of clear objectives, building long-term management capability and ensuring that the business is managed in conformity with the business principles.   Marks & Spencer is into food, clothing, household items, and financial services business located in the UK with some wholly- owned and franchised operations worldwide. 49.9% of business in the UK is derived from food sales which account for 3.2% of market share1. Food sales were up 2.4% in 2005, however, in 2006 food sales were up by 7%. M & S significant international presence contributed 9.1% to the Group’s pre-tax profits in 2006. Most of these profits were a result of strong food sales. Food comprises of a big chunk of M&S retail business.   M&S food has a sound reputation for outstanding quality and innovation.

Adult Influence in the Development of Self-awareness in Children Essay Example for Free

Adult Influence in the Development of Self-awareness in Children Essay An individual who has an awareness of who he/she is as a person are said to be happier than those who don’t. Having a strong sense of self enables us to make decisions about how we want to live our lives and pursue our dreams and ambitions. But how does one achieve self-awareness? Self-awareness is a life-long process, it is essentially being able to discover our individuality and come to terms with who we really are. The development of self-awareness is not a one-man show; rather our parents, teachers, peers and the media, constantly influence us. It is my belief that parents and teachers more than any other factor has the greatest influence in the development of our awareness. Thus, parents and teachers help and hinder the development of a child’s self-awareness. Parents and teachers provide the guidance and nurturing that children need to develop their sense of self. On the other hand they can also hinder the child’s quest for awareness if they insist that their child become what they could not be and to expect them to adopt their own worldviews. Read more:  Influences that affect childrens development essay An equal amount of guidance and rootedness will prove to be the best formula for a child to realize who they are as persons. Guiding children in their lives and nurturing their well-being can help children develop their sense of self. When parents and teachers guide children in the decisions they make in their lives it teaches children that they are persons of worth who can make their own decisions. Franeck said that if his parents did not push him to look for a job and live on his own, he might sill be living with his parents and would have become a failure. This shows us that young adults need to be prodded and to be challenged to take that step to live their own lives. Without this gentle prodding they might just stay in the dug-out indefinitely like the so called Importance of adults to a child’s growth to awareness Page#2 â€Å"boomerang kids† who are well-educated young adults and are living at home because they are broke and underemployed (Franeck, ). Teachers also guide children in their own way. They can help children realize who they want to be in the future. Success and achievement contributes to the child’s perception of who he/she is. When teachers tell their students that they are good at what they do, it builds their self-esteem and leads to increased awareness. Malcom X in his autobiography said that his teacher Mr. Ostrowski made him think about his future and what society had to offer him, which led to his awareness of his station in life and the desire to do something about it (The first major, ). Why do parents and teachers’ guidance and nurturance matter? Parents and teachers are the significant adults in every children’s lives thus, children see them as authority figures and what they say or do can leave lasting impressions in a child’s psyche and therefore affects the way he/she thinks of himself/herself. In contrast, when parents become too controlling and expect their children to espouse their own way of life and views without considering their child’s individuality they hinder the development of self-awareness. Likewise, when teachers become judgmental and do not treat his/her students the same way, then he/she hampers self-awareness. Controlling parents are those who impose their own value systems to their children and expect them to behave accordingly. This hampers the development of self-awareness because children are not able to think for themselves, they are not allowed to explore and deal with their individuality. Children become a reflection or a puppet of their parents and they cannot be expected to become mentally healthy and fully functioning individuals. Caroline Hwang (1998) had battled with the anguish of Importance of adults to a child’s growth to awareness Page#3 pleasing her parents and pursuing her dreams because she knew that her parents had sacrificed a lot for her and she was undoubtedly indebted to them, she knew she owed them the fulfillment of her parent’s dreams for her. As an adult, she still has not been able to establish her own identity, is not sure of her future and has not had a real intimate relationship. In the same way, Emilyn Lat’s (1991) experience also portrays how parents can impede a child’s growth of awareness. Lat had parents who did not want her to be Americanized, they dictated what she should and should not do with her social life. She grew alienated from her parents and looked to the government for help, but sadly was frustrated. Her parents threw her out because she refused to be turned into someone she did not want to be. Emilyn realized that society views children as an extension of their parents and not a separate person, thus her growing awareness of her self was painful and traumatic instead of having a healthy sense of awareness of who she is as a person. Teachers who are judgmental also encumber a child’s awareness of himself/herself. Teachers who do not treat their students equally especially if based on prejudice, perpetuate the culture of racial discrimination. To be able to have a sense of self, children should be able to believe in their selves their talents and abilities, when teachers tell them otherwise, it destroys them. Children come to think that they are not good enough, not smart enough to dream and aspire for something in the future. Consequently, when they grow up they become failures because they come to believe what their teachers told them. Then what are the best conditions for a child’s healthy sense of self-awareness? I believe that an equal amount of nurturing, guidance and cultural awareness would be the best provisions Importance of adults to a child’s growth to awareness Page#4 for self-awareness. Children who are guided by their parents, who are acknowledged and given the opportunity to explore their individuality, will grow to have a healthy sense of who they are. In the same way, when children know their roots and their cultural heritage they are more able to become who they want to be. If Emilyn had the same parents like Caroline’s and she had the same tenacity and courage of Emilyn, then both of them would have become the best of what they can be. It is without a doubt that significant adults play a major role in our lives and in developing our sense of self. Parents who are supportive and nurturing communicate the idea that the child is valuable and worthy of such treatment. Parents should be able to raise children by giving them love, the kind of love that helps them develop a positive self-concept and a sense of their worth. Teachers who are responsive to their students also tell children that they are persons who have the capability to achieve their dreams. It is important for each one of us to be able to develop a positive sense of self-awareness for it will help us better understand why we feel what we feel and behave as we behave. This understanding then gives us the opportunity and freedom to change and create the lives that we want. If we do not have the awareness or clarity of our being we will continue to get caught up in our internal dramas, irrational beliefs and negative perceptions of ourselves undermine the way we live our lives. The great Tao Tzu has this to say about self-awareness â€Å"Knowing others is wisdom, knowing yourself is enlightenment†. References Franek, Mark. Parent’s of twixters are at fault (publication details) Hwang, Caroline. The good daughter. Newsweek September 21, 1998 p16 Lat, Emelyn. Emancipated in American Families: Images and Issues (publication details) pp 244- 246 (year) Malcom X. The first major turning point in Emerging Voices: Readings in the American Experience (Publication details) pp 150-152 (year)

An Introduction To Welding

An Introduction To Welding Welding can be defined as a permanent joining process that produces coalescence of materials by heating them to the welding temperature, with or without the application of pressure or by the application of pressure alone, and with or without the use of filler metal [8]. Ibrahim [10] defined welding as a process of permanent joining two materials usually metals through localised coalescence resulting from suitable combination of temperature, pressure and metallurgical conditions. Most welding processes use heat to join parts together and the equipment used to generate the required varies, depending on the welding process. Welding is used extensively for the manufacture and repair of farm equipment, construction of boilers, mining and refinery equipment, furnaces and railway cars. In addition, construction of bridges and ships also commonly requires welding. The application of welding process depends on the requirements of the weld, accessibility of the weld area, economic considerations and available welding equipment [9]. The strength and the integrity of a weld depend on the material properties of the metal being welded, as well as on a great many other factors. These factors include the shape of the weld, temperature of the heat sources, the amount of heat produced by the source and even the type of power source used. Overview of Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW) In recent years, pressure to increase productivity and reduce costs by the manufacturers has been the main driving force behind the adoption of flux cored wires. Productivity, quality and ease of use are the three main factors on which the increasing popularity of FCAW. FCAW is an arc welding process that uses an arc between a continuous filler metal electrode and the weld pool [8]. The flux is used as a protection for molten metal from the atmosphere contaminations during welding operation. It will improve strength through chemical reactions and produce excellent weld shape. FCAW is very similar to GMAW in principle of operation and equipment used. In FCAW, weld metal is transferred as in GMAW globular or spray transfer. However, FCAW can achieve greater weld metal deposition and deeper penetration than GMAW short circuiting transfer [9]. The effects of electrode extension, nozzle angle, welding directions, welding speed and other welding manipulations are similar as GMAW. The FCAW are welding process introduced in early 1950s with the development of an electrode that contained a core of flux material. However, an external shielding gas was required even with the flux cored electrode. After that, the flux cored electrode that did not require an external shielding gas was developed in 1959. Shielding gas is important in FCAW-G process for increased penetration and filler metal deposition [9]. FCAW can be applied automatically or semi-automatic. Most FCAW process is semi-automatic, which is the wire feeder continuously feeds the electrode wire and the welder must manually positions the torch into the weld. However, it can transform to fully automatically with a computer driven robot manipulating the torch along a preset path. FCAW is widely used for welding large sections and with materials of great thicknesses and lengths, especially in the flat position. FCAW actually comprises two welding processes. The two variations for applying FCAW are self-shielded flux cored arc welding (FCAW-S) and gas-shielded flux cored arc welding (FCAW-G). The difference in the two is due to different fluxing agents in the consumables, which provide different benefits to the user. FCAW-S is a variation of FCAW in which the shielding gas is provided solely by the flux material within the electrode. The heat of the welding arc causes the flux to melt, creating a gaseous shield around the arc and weld pool. FCAW-S is also called Innershield and it is a flux cored arc welding process developed by Lincoln Electric Manufacturing Company [9]. On the other hand, shielding in FCAW-G is obtained from both the CO2 gas flowing from the gas nozzle and from the flux core of the electrode. FCAW-G is widely performed in flat and horizontal position. However, FCAW-G also can be performed for vertical and overhead position by using small diameter electrodes. C:UserssahaDesktopfcaws.png Figure 2.1: Self-Shielded Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW-S). [11] C:UserssahaDesktopfcawS.png Figure 2.2: Gas-Shielded Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW-G). [11] FCAW requires more electrode extension than GMAW. It is because electrode extension will affect the vapour-forming ingredients to generate enough arc vapour for adequate shielding [11]. Inadequate arc vapour will cause porosity in the weld. Besides that, the deposition rates and current density in FCAW are also higher than GMAW. The increased current density occurs due flux cored electrodes are tubular rather than solid, and the flux core has less density and current-carrying capacity than metal [11]. FCAW has a wide range of applications in industry. FCAW combines the production efficiency of GMAW and the penetration and deposition rates of SMAW. FCAW also has the ability to weld metals as thin as that used in vehicle bodies and as thick as heavy structural members of high rise buildings. The most common application of FCAW is in structural fabrication. High deposition rates achieved in single pass make FCAW more popular in the railroad, shipbuilding and automotive industries. Advantages of FCAW FCAW has many advantages over the manual shielded metal arc welding. It is more flexible and acceptable in varies industry compared to other welding operation such as gas metal arc welding, submerged arc welding and oxyacetylene welding. These advantages of FCAW [9, 10] are as follows: High quality weld metal deposit Produces smooth and uniform beads with an excellent weld appearance Produce less distortion than SMAW Welds a variety of steels over a wide thickness range High operating factor High deposition rate with high current density Economical engineering joint design Limitations of FCAW The limitations of FCAW regarding its applicability [12] are as follows: Confined to ferrous metals which is primary steels Removal of post weld slag requires another production step Electrode wire is more expensive on a weight basis than solid electrode wires Equipment is more expensive and complex than required for SMAW Ventilation system need to be increased to handle added volume of smoke and fume Robotic Welding Technology Nowadays, most of welding processes could be done in automated applications. With these automated applications, the welding process then called as robotic welding. Robot welding is the use of mechanized programmable tools, which completely automate a welding process by both performing the weld and handling the part. Robot welding is a relatively new application of robotics, even though robots were first introduced into US industry during the 1960s. The use of robots in welding did not take off until the 1980s, when the automotive industry began using robots extensively for spot welding. Since then, both the number of robots used in industry and the number of their applications has grown greatly. Cary and Helzer suggest that, as of 2005, more than 120,000 robots are used in North American industry, about half of them pertaining to welding. Growth is primarily limited by high equipment costs, and the resulting restriction to high-production applications. Robot arc welding has begun growing quickly just recently, and already it commands about 20% of industrial robot applications.[3] Major components of robotic welding The main components of arc welding robots are the manipulator or the mechanical unit and the controller, which acts as the robots brain. The manipulator is what makes the robot move, and the design of these systems can be categorized into several common types, such as the SCARA robot and Cartesian coordinate robot, which use different coordinate systems to direct the arms of the machine. It consists of a vertical mast and a horizontal boom that carries the welding head. They are sometimes referred to as boom and mast or column and boom positioners. Manipulators are specified by two dimensions: The maximum height under the arc from the floor. Maximum reach of the arc from the mast. The length of travel can be unlimited thus the same welding manipulator can be used for different weldment by moving from one workstation to another. http://www.emeraldinsight.com/content_images/fig/0490350503015.png In selecting and specifying a welding manipulator, it is important to determine the weight to be carried on the end of the boom and how much deflection can be allowed. The welding torch should move smoothly at travel speed rates compatible with the welding process. The manipulator carriage must also move smoothly at the same speed. Manipulators can be used for straight-line, longitudinal and transverse welds and for circular welds when a rotating device is used. As the diagram below shows, axis 1 and 2 are effectively a shoulder, axis 3 and 4 elbow and forearm and axis 5 and 6 are the wrist of the robot. Advantages of robotic welding Improve consistency of quality welds Difference with manual welding process, robotic welding can produces a consistently high quality of finished product, since there is no risk of tiredness, distraction or other effects from manually performing tedious and repetitive task. Once programmed correctly, robots will give precisely the same welds every time on work pieces of the same dimensions and specifications. Greater cycle speed Beside of above repeat ably, robotic welding systems also produce greater cycle speed as robots move from one weld to the next very quickly, making the entire process much faster. Robotic welding systems are able to operate continuously, provided appropriate maintenance procedures are adhered to. Continuous production line interruptions can be minimized with proper robotic system design. Repeatability Robot welding system may perform more repeat ably than a manual welder because of the monotony of the task. Robots work well for repetitive tasks or similar pieces that involve welds in more than one axis or where access to the pieces is difficult. Increase production output rates With robot welding you can also get an increased output with robots left running overnight and during weekends with little supervision. Robots also produce effectively because they can work inexhaustibly and consistently. As a result, output levels increase and client order deadlines can be met more easily. Safer workplace Comply with safety rules and improve workplace health and safety, robots can take overrun pleasant, arduous or health threatening tasks, decreasing the likelihood of accidents caused by employee contact with potentially hazardous fumes machines or processes. Comfortably Employees no longer have to work in hot, dusty or hazardous environments, plus they can learn valuable programming skills and be freed up for other work. As the same time, this condition improves quality of work for employees and helps retain them and reduces turnover. Reduction of costs Labour costs with less manual labour, there will be fewer costs related to sickness, accidents and insurance. Operating costs Robots can reduce both direct costs and overheads, making a dramatic difference to competitiveness. Automating the torch motions decreases the error potential which means decreased scrap and rework. Waste material cost the amount of waste due to poor-quality or inconsistent finishing can be significantly reduced. Welding Position Welding must be done in the position in which the part will be used. In this project, the scope is to study and investigate the correlation between welding parameter and bead geometry in 2F position. 2F position indicates welding operation for fillet weld in horizontal position. According to the American Welding Society (AWS), horizontal fillet welding is the position in which welding is performed on the upper side of an approximately horizontal surface and against and approximately vertical surface [8]. C:UserssahaDesktop2f position.png Figure 2.3: Schematic diagram of horizontal welding 2F position. [8] The official AWS diagrams for welding positions are precise. They utilize the angle of the axis of the weld which is a line through the length of the weld perpendicular to the cross section at its center of gravity. Figure 2.4 shows the fillet weld and its limits of the various positions. It is necessary to consider the inclination of the axis of the weld as well as the rotation of the face of the fillet weld [8]. Welding current Welding current is the most influential variable in arc welding process which controls the electrode burn off rate, the depth of fusion and geometry of the weldments. Welding voltage This is the electrical potential difference between the tip of the welding wire and the surface of the molten weld pool. It determines the shape of the fusion zone and weld reinforcement. High welding voltage produces wider, flatter and less deeply penetrating welds than low welding voltages. Depth of penetration is maximum at optimum arc voltage. [15] Welding speed Speed of welding is defined as the rate of travel of the electrode along the seam or the rate of the travel of the work under the electrode along the seam. Increasing the speed of travel and maintaining constant arc voltage and current will reduce the width of bead and also increase penetration until an optimum speed is reached at which penetration will be maximum. [15] The correct weld speed will result in a well formed weld bead that shows good fusion, penetration and a gradual transition of weld metal into the corners of the joint. A weld speed that is too fast results in a thin stringy weld with poor strength. A weld bead that is too slow a speed will result in a heavy weld that has too much convexity. Increasing the speed beyond this optimum will result in decreasing penetration. [16] In the arc welding process, increase in welding speed causes: Decrease in the heat input per unit length of the weld. Decrease in the electrode burn off rate. Decrease in the weld reinforcement. If the welding speed decreases beyond a certain point, the penetration also will decrease due to the pressure of the large amount of weld pool beneath the electrode, which will cushion the arc penetrating force. [16]

I Hate Decisions Essay -- Personal Narrative, essay about myself

When I decide to go out to eat, I generally have picked out where I want to go and what I want to order before I leave home. Nevertheless, when I arrive at the restaurant, my mind races in circles. Should I get what I was craving on the way here, or should I get what is on special? Should I try something new and different, or should I get one of my old favorites? Should I get it Supersized? For here or to go? Do I want the soup or salad? Should I get something to drink or for dessert? What would go best with the main course? After agonizing over all of my choices, I usually just end up following my gut instinct and ordering what I had in mind on the way to the restaurant. Decisions have always tended to come difficult for me, big or small. Â   Similar to selecting a meal at a restaurant, I have an extremely difficult time choosing a major at college. Since grade school, I have dreamed of becoming a schoolteacher. I had always envied their big desk, red pens, and superior knowledge. However, as I grew older, I became increasingly aware of how expensive college ...

Examine Miller’s presentation of John Proctor :: English Literature

Examine Miller’s presentation of John Proctor and the Circumstances which lead to his choosing to be executed. Although the events of the play are based on events that took place in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692, Miller was liberal in his fictionalisation. For example, the affair between farmer, husband, and father John Proctor, and the Minister’s teenage niece, Abigail Williams, drive many of the accusations of witchcraft in the play – in fact at the time of the Witch Trials, Williams would only have been around eleven and Proctor would have been in his sixties. The play, written in 1953, was in response to Senator McCarthy and the ‘House Un-American Activities Committee's’ crusade against supposed communist sympathisers, in which Miller became embroiled. When he testified in front of a congressional committee in 1956 he refused to reveal any names and so was held in contempt. The decision was overturned two years later. One of Miller's most powerful devices in the play is his use of irony: dramatic, verbal, and situational irony. Verbal irony is a figure of speech in which the speaker intends to be understood as meaning something that contrasts with the literal or usual meaning of what he says. One example of this is when John Proctor says ‘Good. Then her saintliness is done with’, mentioning Abigail. However, Proctor does not actually believe that Abigail is a saint. The affair makes her a sinner, because he is married to Elizabeth. However, he says this line because the rest of the town, and most importantly, the courts believe that she is believable and truthful. In effect, he tries to convince the court and the people of her â€Å"unsaintliness†, by bringing to their attention her sins, but to no avail; this is one of the most important circumstances which lead to his choosing to be executed. Another example has Proctor telling his wife ‘It’s winter in here yet.’ However, it is actually spring, as in the same dialogue he asks her to go walking in the field with him so that they may pick flowers and bring them into their home. Proctor really means to tell his wife that their home is cold, that there is no sign of love. He believes that when his wife fills the home with warmth and love, he is forgiven for his sin of lechery, and only then can he continue normally with his life. By using this type of irony, Miller’s characters indirectly bring something to our attention, which could not otherwise be done. Situational irony is a discrepancy between what we expect and what occurs. This is the second type of irony used in the play.

Blocking & Filtering Essay -- essays research papers

"Any content-based regulation of the Internet, no matter how benign the purpose, could burn the global village to roast the pig." U.S. Supreme Court majority decision, Reno v. ACLU (June 26, 1997) Blocking and filtering software for the Internet is one of the most hotly debated topics regarding free speech and the Internet. Many have criticized blocking software for being both under and over inclusive, and others have argued that blocking software should not be used at all in public institutions such as libraries and schools. On the other side, supporters of blocking software claim that is a legitimate method to regulate access to "inappropriate" material on the Internet, especially access for minors. But, before we begin to look at these debates directly, we have to examine how the different types of blocking software available work. Nearly all blocking software contains several features that enable the user to customize it for their particular preferences. Users can set the particular levels and/or categories they want the software to screen. So, for example, a user could instruct his browser to block all nudity and sex acts, but still allow sex education and intolerance, while another users could do the opposite. Another common feature is the ability to unblock particular web sites when they are blocked. So, if a user was attempting to access the CNN web site, and it was blocked because it contained, for example, the Starr report, the user could unblock it. A final common feature of most blocking software is that it can be turned on and off for particular users on a particular machine, so that parents can turn the software on when their children are using the computer, but allow themselves unlimited access. Blocking software works in several major ways: blocking by word, blocking particular sites, blocking all sites except those on a "white list," and blocking by preset ratings. Most of the first blocking software worked by blocking words; the software would scan web sites for certain, unacceptable words such as "breast" or "sex." This type of software was often ridiculed, because it is ridiculously over broad, for example blocking sites on breast cancer or news sites about the President. In addition, this type of blocking has the disadvantage of not being able to scan pictures for unacceptable m... ...ts computers. Representative Bob Franks of New Jersey introduced a similar bill in the House, dubbed the "Safe Schools Internet Act of 1999". In addition, the constitutionality of library filters has been, and continues to be, litigated in several cases. All cases decided to this point have declared mandatory filters on all library computers to be unconstitutional. Many argue that the PICS system is the best way to provide for parental empowerment in order to manage their children's internet use. These people point out that, at least for now, the PICS system is voluntary and that third parties can rate sites. The rating systems used in conjunction with PICS establish a uniform standard that parents can rely on, instead of the opinions of software companies' list makers. The purpose behind Internet filters is to provide parents, educators and other with an effective tool to protect minors from harmful material through their computers. At first blush they appear to be a simple technological fix to the problem of indecency on the Internet. However, this simple solution has touched off a firestorm of controversy, which show no signs of cooling off in the near future.

Probability Exercice

MTH3301 Fall 2012 Practice problems Counting 1. A closet contains 6 di? erent pairs of shoes. Five shoes are drawn at random. What is the probability that at least one pair of shoes is obtained? 2. At a camera factory, an inspector checks 20 cameras and ? nds that three of them need adjustment before they can be shipped. Another employee carelessly mixes the cameras up so that no one knows which is which. Thus, the inspector must recheck the cameras one at a time until he locates all the bad ones. (a) What is the probability that no more than 17 cameras need to be rechecked? b) What is the probability that exactly 17 must be rechecked? 3. We consider permutations of the string †ABACADAFAG†. How many permutations are there? How many of them don’t have any A next to other A? How many of them have at least two A’s next to each other? 4. A monkey is typing random numerical strings of length 7 using the digits 1 through 9 (not 0). Call the digits 1, 2, and 3 â₠¬ lows†, call the digits 4, 5, and 6 †mids† and digits 7, 8 and 9 †highs†. (a) How many di? erent strings can he type? (b) How many of these strings have no mids? c) How many of these strings have only one high in them? For example, the string 1111199 has two highs in it. (d) What’s the probability that a string starts with a low and ends with a high? (e) What’s the probability that a string starts with a low or ends with a high? (f) What’s the probability that a string doesn’t have at least one of the digits 1 through 9? 5. School of Probability and Statistics (SPS) at IUA University has 13 male Moroccan professors, 8 female Moroccan professors, and 12 nonMoroccan professors. A committee of 9 professors needs to be appointed for a task. a) How many committees can be made? (b) What’s the probability 1 that the committee contains 2 Moroccan women, 3 Moroccan men, and 4 non-Moroccans? (c) What’s the probability t hat the committee contains exactly 4 nonMoroccans? (d) What’s the probability that the committee contains at least 4 nonMoroccans? (e) What’s the probability that the committee does not contain any Moroccan men? Conditional Probability, Bayes’ Theorem 1. Before the distribution of certain statistical software every fourth compact disk (CD) is tested for accuracy.The testing process consists of running four independent programs and checking the results. The failure rate for the 4 testing programs are, respectively, 0. 01, 0. 03, 0. 02 and 0. 01. (a) What is the probability that a CD was tested and failed any test? (b) Given that a CD was tested, what is the probability that it failed program 2 or 3? (c) In a sample of 100, how many CDs would you expect to be rejected? (d) Given a CD was defective, what is the probability that it was tested? 2. A regional telephone company operates three relay stations at di? rent locations. During a one-year period, the number of malfunctions reported by each station and the causes are shown below: Station Problems with electricity supplied Computer malfunction Malfunctioning electrical equipment Caused by other human errors A 2 4 5 7 B 1 3 4 7 C 1 2 2 5 Suppose that a malfunction was reported and it was found to be caused by other human errors. What is the probability that it came from station C? 3. Police plan to enforce speed limits by using radar traps at 4 di? erent locations within the city limits.The radar traps at each of the locations L1 , L2 , L3 , and L4 are operated 40%, 30%, 20%, and 30% of the time, and if a person who is speeding on his way to work has probabilities 2 0. 2, 0. 1, 0. 5 and 0. 2, respectively, of passing through these locations, what is the probability that he will receive a speeding ticket? You can assume that the radar traps operate independently of each other. 4. Jar A contains 6 red balls and 6 blue balls. Jar B contains 4 red balls and 16 green balls. A six-sided die is th rown. If the die falls †6†, a ball is chosen at random from jar A.Otherwise, a ball is chosen from Jar B. If the chosen ball is red, what is the probability that the die fell †6†? 5. The word spelled HUMOR by a person from the United States is spelled HUMOUR by a person from UK. At a party, two-thirds of the guests are from the United States and one-third from UK. A randomly chosen guest writes the word, and a letter is chosen at random from the word as written. (a) If this letter is a U, what is the probability that the guest is from UK? (b) If the letter is an H, what is the probability that the guest is from UK? 6.Jar A contains two black balls, jar B contains two white balls, and jar C contains one ball of each color. A jar is chosen at random. A ball is drawn from the chosen jar and replaced; then again a ball is drawn from that jar and replaced. If both drawings result in black balls, what is the probability that a third drawing from the same jar will a lso yield a black ball? 7. A jar contains 5 red balls and 10 blue balls. A ball is chosen at random and replaced. Then 10 balls of the same color as the chosen ball are added to the jar. A second ball is now chosen at random and seen to be red. What is the probability that the ? st ball was also red? Discrete Random Variables and their Cumulative Distribution Functions and Probability Mass Functions 1. A dice has 6 sides labelled 1 through 6, and the associated probabilities are a, b, c, d, e, and f respectively. Furthermore, you are told that P ({1, 2, 3}) = P ({4, 5, 6}). This die is tossed once and random variable X is twice the face value that showed up. Answer the following questions about X: 3 (a) What is the range space of X? (b) Draw the cumulative distribution function of X. (c) Write down the probability mass function of X. 2. A jar contains 10 balls, labelled 1 through 10.We will take 3 balls out of the jar. Let B be the random variable that is the highest label among the 3 balls withdrawn. Answer the following questions about B: (a) What is the range space of B? (b) Calculate p(b) for b = 3, 6, 10. (c) Calculate F (b) for b = 3, 6, 10. (d) Calculate P (B ? 8). 3. Consider a group of 5 blood donors, A, B, C, D, E, of whom only A and B have type O+. Blood samples will be taken from each donor in random order, until an O+ donor is reached. Let the random variable Y be the number of blood samples taken until an O+ individual is reached. (a) What is the range space of Y? b) Write down the probability mass function of Y. 4. A jar contains 15 balls, 10 of them red and 5 of them blue. Three balls are picked and let R be the random variable that is the number of red balls in these 3 drawn. (a) What is the range space of R? (b) Write down the prob. mass func. of R. (c) Write down the cumulative distr. func. of R. 5. A random variable Z has following range space and probability mass function: 4 value -3 -2. 5 0 4 12 20 probability of this value 0. 1 0. 15 0. 05 0. 3 0. 3 0. 1 (a) Draw the line graph of this PMF. (b) Write down the CDF of Z and draw its graph. (c) Calculate P (Z). . After all students have left the classroom, a probability professor notices that 4 copies of text book were forgotten behind. At the beginning of the next lecture, the professor distributes the 4 books in a completely random fashion to each of the four students who lef the books behind. Let X be the number of students who receive their own book. Determine the pmf of X. Hint: Think of permutations of 4 symbols. 7. Let X be the number of tires on a randomly selected automobile that are underin? ated. Which of the following three p(x) functions is a legitimate pmf for X, and why are the other two not allowed? p(x) p(x) p(x) 0 0. 3 0. 4 0. 4 1 0. 2 0. 1 0. 1 2 0. 1 0. 1 0. 2 3 0. 05 0. 1 0. 1 4 0. 05 0. 3 0. 3 8. In our experiment, we pick a random permutation of 1234. Let X be the number of symbols that remained in their original places. For example, if the rand om permutation is 3214, X = 2. Find the pmf of X. 9. In our experiment, we type a random string of length 6 using only the letters A, B, C, D, E, X, Y, Z. Let R be the number of letters that are occuring more than once. So, for example, if the string is †BAYEDA†, R = 1. If string is †DEBAZY†, R = 0. If string is †AABAXY†, R = 1.If string is †AABBXY†, R = 2. (a) How many elements are there in the sample space of the experiment? (b) How many elements in the range space of R? 5 (c) Calculate pR (0). (d) Calculate pR (r) for r ? 4. 8 6 (8)(6)? 7? 6? 5? 4+(8)(6)? 7? 6? 5+(1)(4)? 7? 6+(8)(6)? 7+(8)(6) 1 3 1 5 1 6 . (e) Show that pR (1) = 1 2 6 8 Continuous Random Variables and their Cumulative Distribution Functions and Probability Distribution Functions 1. A college professor never ? nishes his lecture before the bell rings to end the period and always ? nishes his lectures within 2 minutes after the bell rings.Let X equal the time that ela pses between the bell and end of the lecture and suppose the pdf of X is f (x) = kx2 0 0? x? 2 otherwise (a) Find the value of k. (b) What is the probability that the lecture ends within one minute of the bell ringing? (c) What is the probability that the lecture continues beyond the bell for between 60 and 90 seconds? (d) What is the probability that the lecture continues for at least 90 seconds beyond the bell? 2. The time X (in minutes) for a lab assistant to prepare the equipment for a certain experiment is believed to have a uniform distribution for values of X between 25 and 35. a) Write the pdf of X and sketch its graph. (b) What is the probability that the preparation time exceeds 33 min.? (c) Without computing it mathematically, what do you think is the mean value of X? (d) For any a such that 25 < a < a + 2 < 35, what is the probability that preparation time is between a and a + 2 minutes? 3. Consider the following pdf, where k and C are constants: f (x) = kC k xk+1 0 6 x? C x 50 1 625 r If the propolis content is less than 10 parts per thousand, the honey sells for 300 Dirhams per kilogram.If the propolis content is more than 40 parts per thousand, the honey sells for 200 Dirhams per kilogram (because of the too strong taste). If the propolis content is between 10 and 40 parts per thousand, the honey sells for 450 Dirhams a kilogram. Let the price of honey per kilogram be the random variable X. (a) Draw the pdf of R. (b) Determine the pmf of X. Continuous Functions of Continuous Random Variables 1. Let continuous random variable X have pdf fX (x). Let Y = |X|. Write FY (y) in terms of integral(s) of fX . 2. For more practice here, make sure you can do problems number 9 and 13 in Chapter 3 exercises in our text book. 8

Pi foods solution

Suggestions to resolve the problem regarding the irregular visit of the sales person to the C and D class Retailers and Shortage of supplies to the distributors. Irregular visit of the salesperson: a) We can give good amount of Incentives to the salesperson who visit the C and D class Retailers 2, 3 times in a week. B) We can also make a minimum visit criteria which Is must for every salesperson, for E. . Every salesperson must veils the C and D class retailers minimum 2 times In a week. C) The more the salesman sold the reduces to the C and D class retailers the more Good Incentives he will get For E. G. We will also give him free tickets to Movies or If he performs very well than we can give him a free International tour, In this way the salesperson gets motivated and they start visiting the c and D class retailers more often.Shortage of supplies to the Distributors a) Difference in Forecasted sales figures and the Factory production figures is happened every time, because most of the time the production capacity of the factory s limited and it cannot be extended immediately as it involves high cost and additional equipment's to increase the production, so when this problem arrives when forecasted sales figures doesn't match the factory production figures in that case company can make a policy in which it can explain that our production capacity is only this For E. G. E can only produce 100 cigarette's in a week or our production capacity is limited to only 100 cigarettes per week and this policies can be explained o the C and D class retailers, that we can only supply 100 cigarette's in a week not more than that but we can give you special discount if u buy from us or we can supply u these cigarette's at a cheap rate than anyone else in the market in that case retailers will buy the cigarette's despite of the Sales forecast that shows 200 cigarettes is going to sold this week but only 100 cigarettes are supplied.In this way we can resolve the mismatch proble m of sales forecast and Factory production figures. ) We can clearly explain the production capacity to the retailers, that our production capacity is only this, but we can give u special discount If u buy from us. In this way the retailers will buy from us despite of what there Sales forecast says. A) We can give good amount of incentives to the salesperson who visit the C and D which is must for every salesperson, for E. G. Every salesperson must visit the C and D class retailers minimum 2 times in a week. ) The more the salesman sold the reduces to the C and D class retailers the more Good incentives he will get For E. G. We will also give him free tickets to Movies or if he performs very well than we can give him a free international tour, in this way the salesperson gets motivated and they start visiting the C and D class retailers more often. A) Difference in Forecasted sales figures and the Factory production figures is when forecasted sales figures doesn't match the factory production figures in that capacity is only this, but we can give u special discount if u buy from us.

Hip-Hop Generation: Its Influence on Youth Culture Essay

Civil Rights- dejure and defacto equality; integration Headquarters – South, Northern Cities Examples – Martin Luther King, Jr. (N.A.A.C.P./Black Church) The Strategy in action Racial Justice – defacto equality; seperation to achieve equality or to create a black state, economy, or society Headquarters – Northern Cities, West, National Chapter (N.O.I./B.P.P.S.D.) Example 1: Honorable Elijah Muhammad, Malcolm X (Malcolm Little) Muhammad Ali (Cassius Clay), N.O.I. Example 2: Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale (B.P.P.S.D.) The strategy in action III. Stigmatization, class, and the Welfare State Excluded Agricultural and Domestic workers, many of whom were black or from other minority groups This creates two misconceptions in regards to welfare, and it may have also help institutionalize poverty in black and other minority groups By the id-1970s and early-1980s, stigmatization is fully institutionalized through Reaganomics Legitimized vs. de-legitimized Legitimized- are things that are defended by the state. State sanctioned, approved, taxed and legal activity De-legitimized –non-state sanctioned, non-approved, not taxed, or illegal activity. (Black or grey or underground market) 1) Politics, roots and synthesis locations associated with rap’s birth Political Topics, Ambitions, awareness, anger, etc. + Style of toasts over dub music, live, improvisational soul music, use of samples =Blending of the first two, equipment such as mixers, samplers, open location 2) Black Nationalism’s â€Å"Apex† and Destruction (West Oakland) Internal Colony- (the hood) the literal (or more commonly) figurative understanding of inner-city black, brown, and poor ghettoes as a separate political body, economic market, and social realm 3) The Dub and the Black Arts Movement (Kingston, Jamaica) â€Å"Dub† Music and Influence – late 1960s-early 1970s The Congos – Heart of the Congos 1/28/14 – Chapter on Malcolm X -Grandmaster Flash -Kool Keith – Literal disillusionment – when a leader begins to change their idea and becomes more radical with their ideas – Capitalism/imperialism – (imperialism- capitalism is happening on a global scale) (capitalism) Robin Kelley Demagogue – Predicted his own death 1) Robert Moses – architect that designed the South Bronx Hip-Hop Graffiti (Tagging) Breaking (Battle) DJing (Turntablism) Fashion/Style (affects hi and low income society) Rapping Rap- use of spoken word over sampled instrumentation; one of five elements of hip-hop culture Hyperghetto or neo-liberialism- The state has withdrawn benefits from people in low-society 3) Factors and Questions – The Politics of Abandonment? Political? Economic? W/drawl of jobs being sent to suburbs or nowhere at all Social? Needles given in parks, and the social damage it does Technological? – Connections to Roots/Dubs? – Gang Issues? 4) The Founding Fathers DJ Kool Herc- first DJ to loop records Afrika Bambaata (Zulu Nation)- ran w/ a gang called Black Spades who entered a contest and took a trip to Europe and came back and decided to recruit his members and started Zulu Nation.. Also a DJ Grandmaster Flash- Trained in engineering, and modifies the turntables Clock Theory – Artist used tape to show where to start song on disks 5) Key Subgenres Party Rap Gangsta Rap Socially Conscious Rap Politically Conscious Rap Alternative Rap Other genres, sub genres, etc. 1) Overall Contribution of the Scene; Key Observations 2) The setting, Factors, and Question 3)Major Players 4) Major Successors

Enzyme Structure and Functions:

ENZYME STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS: Enzymes are biological catalysts. They increase the rate of reactions by a factor of between 106 to 1012 times, allowing the chemical reactions that make life possible to take place at normal temperatures Definition of enzyme: A protein with catalytic properties due to its power of specific activation is defined as an enzyme. STRUCTURE Enzymes are proteins their function depends on its complexity. The reaction takes place in a small part of the enzyme called the active site, while the rest of the protein acts as â€Å"scaffolding†.The shape and the chemical environment inside the active site permits a chemical reaction to proceed more easily Many enzymes need cofactors (or coenzymes) to work properly. Tightly bound cofactors are called prosthetic groups Cofactors that are bound and released easily are called coenzymes These can be metal ions (such as Fe2+, Mg2+, Cu2+) or organic molecules (such as haem, biotin, FAD, NAD or coenzyme A). Many of t hese are derived from dietary vitamins, which is why they are so important. The complete active enzyme with its cofactor is called a holoenzyme, while just the protein part without its cofactor is called the apoenzyme.HW DOES AN ENZYME WORK? 1) REACTION MECHANISM 2) MOLECULAR GEOMETRY REACTION MECHANISM: In any chemical reaction, a substrate (S) is converted into a product (P) In an enzyme-catalysed reaction, the substrate first binds to the active site of the enzyme to form an enzyme-substrate (ES) complex, then the substrate is converted into product whilst attached to the enzyme, and finally the product is released, thus allowing the enzyme to start all over again An example is the action of the enzyme sucrase hydrolysing sucrose into glucose and fructose.MOLECULAR GEOMETRY The substrate molecule is complementary in shape to that of the active site. It was thought that the substrate exactly fitted into the active site of the enzyme molecule like a key fitting into a lock (the now discredited ‘lock and key’ theory). This explains enzyme specificity This explains the loss of activity when enzymes denature The Induced Fit Hypothesis  : * Some proteins can change their shape (conformation) When a substrate combines with an enzyme, it induces a change in the enzyme’s conformation * The active site is then moulded into a precise conformation * Making the chemical environment suitable for the reaction * The bonds of the substrate are stretched to make the reaction easier (lowers activation energy) ENERGY CHANGES  : Energy needed for initial reaction is known as ACTIVATION ENERGY. The larger the activation energy is, the slower the reaction will be.This is because only a few substrate molecules will have sufficient energy to overcome the activation energy barrier. Enzymes reduce the activation energy of a reaction so that the kinetic energy of most molecules exceeds the activation energy required and so they can react. Factors affecting Enzy mes substrate concentration pH temperature enzyme concentration inhibitors SUBSTARTE CONCENTRATION The rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction is also affected by substrate concentration.As the substrate concentration increases, the rate increases because more substrate molecules can collide with active sites, so more enzyme-substrate complexes form. At higher concentrations the enzyme molecules become saturated with substrate, and there are few free active sites, so adding more substrate doesn't make much difference The maximum rate at infinite substrate concentration is called vmax, and the substrate concentration that gives a rate of half vmax is called KM.These quantities are useful for characterising an enzyme. A good enzyme has a high vmax and a low KM. pH Enzymes have an optimum pH at which they work fastest. For most enzymes this is about pH 7-8 (normal body pH), but a few enzymes can work at extreme pH. The pH affects the charge of the amino acids at the active site, so the pr operties of the active site change and the substrate can no longer bind. TEMPERATURE: Enzymes have an optimum temperature at which they work fastest.For mammalian enzymes this is about 40 °C. Up to the optimum temperature the rate increases geometrically with temperature. Above the optimum temperature the rate decreases as more of the enzyme molecules denature. The thermal energy breaks the hydrogen bonds holding the secondary and tertiary structure of the enzyme together, so the enzyme loses its shape Q10 (the temperature coefficient) = the increase in reaction rate with a 10 °C rise in temperature. ENZYME CONCENTRATIONAs the enzyme concentration increases the rate of the reaction also increases, because there are more enzyme molecules (and so more active sites), available to catalyse the reaction therefore more enzyme-substrate complexes form INHIBITORS Inhibitors inhibit the activity of enzymes, reducing the rate of their reactions. 2 TYPES: Competitive and non competitive CO MPETITIVE: A competitive inhibitor molecule has a similar structure to the substrate molecule, and so it can fit into the active site of the enzyme. It therefore competes with the substrate for the active site, so the reaction is slower.Increasing the concentration of substrate restores the reaction rate and the inhibition is usually temporary and reversible. NON COMPETITIVE: A non-competitive inhibitor molecule is quite different in structure from the substrate and does not fit into the active site. It binds to another part of the enzyme molecule, changing the shape of the whole enzyme, including the active site, so that it can no longer bind substrate molecules. Non-competitive inhibitors therefore simply reduce the amount of active enzyme.

Holistic care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Holistic care - Essay Example The researcher states that holistic care may generally utilize various healthcare forms, ranging from conventional medication to any substitute therapy for treating patients. The holistic care approach is regarded as a treatment center wherein the patients are to be treated as an entire individual. This particular approach is often viewed to be a set of procedures that are related to traditional treatment methods, delivering effective healthcare to the individuals. The fundamental, physical, psychological along with social care requirements for Errol can be identified through using a holistic approach which is associated with traditional treatment method. These have been discussed in the following discussion. In the fundamental aspect of the traditional holistic approach, deliverance of effective healthcare to a patient can be duly considered as one of the decisive constituents in promoting better quality service. The fundamental requirement of traditional based holistic approach dem ands a better interrelation between the care providers and the ones receiving care. In relation to the case of Errol, the fundamental requirement would be to seek a doctor’s advice, as his health condition degraded daily. He has developed a lot of ill habits in order to get rid of his problems. To get free of the ill habits, Errol requires practicing certain good habits and most vitally leaving drinking habit as well. The physical care requirements typically refer to the offering of effective healthcare to the patients suffering from any sort of disease. One of the physical requirements which are needed for Errol can be the intake of the medicines, prescribed by the practitioner for the improvement of his health condition. Moreover, Errol must consider the suggestions of the doctor and follow the instructions accordingly in order to enhance his health condition.

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Business Ethics - Essay Example It has been argued that business owners, or stockholders, have an obligation to in some sense repay the society that allowed it to be. Others suggest that providing jobs and contributing to the tax base is repayment enough. Whichever of these perceptions one subscribes the fact that employees of a company have but a single responsibility, to make money for the owners, is not in question. A chief executive officer may act as the ‘brains’ of the corporation but they are an employee and are bound both by ethical consideration and by federal law to make decisions intended to increase company profits. Of course company employees are expected to obey the law and in act in accordance with customary public ethical guidelines but mainly because this is in the best interest of the company and not because the company itself has a moral obligation. The end result justifies any means by which to achieve it including the destruction of the environment as well as the financial gouging of customers and employees. Corporations do have social responsibilities and society should demand corporate adherence to those responsibilities. Employees cannot simply give away company funds to their favorite charity. That would be irresponsible, unethical and illegal. Certainly, company officials are also individuals whose conscience extends past workplace concerns. The person outside the corporation may feel a duty to voluntarily give their time and money to charities, the church, community and family. In these instances, the individual is not acting as the agent of the giving but the principal. They are spending their own time and money or time and not the resources of a company. â€Å"If these are ‘social responsibilities,’ they are the social responsibilities of individuals, not business† (Friedman, 1970). Though the view that business do not have a social responsibility is logical and fits the capitalist ideology on which the country was built, others ar gue that the self-serving goals of corporate America has created a value system not only separate but in opposition to that of society. This reality is apparent not only in the U.S. but in many other countries as well, both in the developed world and Third World nations. The banking debacle in Mexico escalated its national debt by $80 billion due to the government financially bailing out unscrupulous shareholders who were in league with government officials at the taxpayer’s expense. When Argentina privatized most of the public works departments, corporations stole money from millions of Argentinean citizens. In Europe, the pharmaceutical industries essentially regulated themselves due to their influence within the government. The drug companies did not sufficiently test its products interested only in profits and not the benefits of the drugs for patients. Steps have since been taken to reduce the harm committed by this type of corporate corruption. Many suggest that the sit uation in the U.S. today involving pharmaceutical company influence and the consequential affects is hauntingly similar. (Borger, 2001) Of course corporate corruption in the U.S. is sadly legendary in scope. The recent banking and Wall Street debacle in the U.S. is expected to cost taxpayers into the trillions of Dollars. The Bernie Madoff scandal, Worldcom, Tyco and Enron are but a few of examples of fraudulent practices by company heads which cost thousands of people millions of dollars including

Analyze McDonald&apos;s Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analyze McDonald's - Case Study Example The headquarters of the company is still in the United States, and the current C.E.O is Don Thompson (Jurevicius, n.p). McDonald’s has an employee base of approximately 1,800,000 individuals. Over the years, McDonald’s has gained dominance in the fast food industry. The major competitors include Subway, Wendy’s Company, Burger King Worldwide Inc., Yum! and several other organizations (Jurevicius, n.p). In fact, the approach towards a healthy diet has led the company to making some changes in its presentation and menu, as well as increased the level of competition. As mentioned above, regardless of the fall in the number of clients, the company is still the largest fast food restaurant on earth. The company is estimated to have made revenue of $27.56 billion in 2012, which makes a profit of $5.46 billion (Jurevicius, n.p). In addition, the company has a $40 billion brand recognition value. These factors all indicate the magnitude of McDonald’s dominance in the fast food industry. These staggering figures are still a drop in the company’s market with the biggest hit coming from individuals between their 20s and 30s (Jargon, n.p). The decrease in the younger individuals is mainly due to the education that society possesses today in terms of healthy eating. Individuals in this demographic are now are resorting to more organic and fresher foods. In addition, there are now many options where these individuals can get these foods with approximately the same amount of money they would pay for a combo meal (Jargon, n.p). McDonald’ s has made some adjustments in the menu by introduction of healthy salads as well as displaying the number of calories in each meal. According to studies, in approximately forty percent of the McDonald’s the sales have fallen or remained flat. Initially, the target market of the company was comprised of children and working adults or students who do not have

Marketing of Drugs, by Pharmaceutical Companies Essay

Marketing of Drugs, by Pharmaceutical Companies - Essay Example By presenting these aspects of the marketing perspective of the pharmaceutical industry this paper attempts to come to the conclusion that in the final outcome of these marketing practices it is the care of the patients that is negatively affected. Introduction: Market conditions have never been so good for the pharmaceutical industry. The amount of money spent in the United States of America on prescription drugs was a whopping $141 billion in 2001, as per figures provided by the CMS Office of the Actuary. This expenditure on prescription drugs has made it the third largest factor in the expenditure on national health care in the United States of America. In 1990 for every dollar spent on health care, prescription drugs made up six cents. The proportional expenditure on prescription drugs has shown a significant rise by 2001 to ten percent. By 2010, this proportional expenditure on prescription drugs is expected to rise to 14.2%, more than doubling, in a period of two decades. There have been several factors that have contributed to this remarkable growth in spending on prescription drugs. These factors are the increased use of prescription drugs, an aging population, development of new therapeutic agents for the treatment of chronic ailmen ts, increasing consumer demand for prescription drugs, and the escalating cost of drugs. Unfortunately these good times have not made the pharmaceutical companies satisfied with the profits that this extra demand for prescription drugs would generate from their existing market share of the expenditure on prescription drugs. Instead the lure of raking in profits has made the pharmaceutical industries attempt to carve out a larger share of the pie, in terms of the prescription drug market.

Privacy of lectronic medical records Research Paper

Privacy of lectronic medical records - Research Paper Example The cost-free factor of these technologies is an attractive initiative for a number of firms with a high customer base to adopt EMR with minimal investment on time and human resources. EMR is also gaining popularity amongst the patients or recipients of health services, especially in areas that are far away from good hospitals. The patients can view their medical records, test results and history online at the comfort of home or at work (Kolbrum, 2008). However, with the rapid rise of readily available sources online for EMR, it is fair to question whether the EMR is well-protected or easily accessible to the public. With the internet flooded with spam and the ever-present danger of hackers breaking into confidential online records, are the patients safe online? Is convenience too close for comfort? The concerns mentioned in the paragraph above will be addressed throughout the course of this paper which seeks to justify whether all good things in life are (really) for free, find ways to ensure which EMR platforms are the safest to use, and gain insight into important privacy laws that offers protection to the patient’s personal health information. The need for EMR was realized in the 1960s, when it was felt that there has to be an automated system for the re-organization and management of patient records to enable improved provision of health services to them. Laurence Weed, a physician, was the first to propose and describe the idea of computerized medical records or EMR (Pinkerton, 2008). Progressing through the 1990s, as the computer became more handy and sophisticated, the EMR systems also became complex and in wide use by the companies and medical institutions (Pinkerton, 2008). Today, in 21st century, the commonality and stress on the use of EMR is so immense that the firms are now availing and adopting the systems for free, just like Email Accounts. Going back to argument where Google and Microsoft were stated as examples, it is understood that

American Legal Regimes and Wealth Creation Term Paper - 1

American Legal Regimes and Wealth Creation - Term Paper Example Most historians described this as the conflict between labor and capital. The conflict that was filled with a lot of damage of properties escalated well into the 20th century and ended when the war started. By early 1900, the country was already filled up (Cohen 234). Major cities all over the state were packed with hundreds of thousands of poor American laborers who worked in deplorable conditions. Corruption during this period is considered the most escalating issues that brought all the problems that the country was facing. The progressive movement is considered to have been the solution to the problem that seemed to be driving the country way ward. It is hard to say that the movement fixed everything, however, remarkably little passed unchecked. The movement grew outside the government since none of the politicians was willing to support the economic and social change that the progressive movement brought. However, after pressure was applied b\y the movement the government finally decided to stand alongside the movement as it fought corruption out of the system. Most historians accredit the year 1896 as the period during which the progressive era began (Hayek 12). It is also viewed that most reforms that the movement had advocated for begun just before the country join t the war in 1917. However, even with is mind it is considered that most of the reforms begun way back during the colonial period although none of them had picked up until the modern era this being the 1900s. One cannot claim that all citizens and domestic workers have a fair playing field even now. It is also had to claim that the countries politics are free from corruption. Thus, it is considered that the movement that begun back in the late eighties lives on pushing for reforms and a corruption free political system (Cohen 234. During this era, which is most commonly

Perfomance standards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Perfomance standards - Essay Example The historical overview of Westin St. Francis was traced to as early as the 1902s which make the hotel more than 112 years to date (The Westin St. Francis, 2014). The initial step in performance evaluation is to identify the job standards based on the essential functions as expected of the position. The basic responsibilities of a doorman at a hotel include: (1) greeting the guests at arrival and even during departure through the provision of courteous, warm, and prompt service; (2) assists in handling luggage of guests from any mode of transportation to endorsement to the Bellman; (3) provides appropriate responses to the quests regarding inquiries on hotel accommodations and facilities prior to endorsement to the front desk personnel. (1) Greet the guests as soon as they arrive within the vicinity of the hotel by stating: â€Å"Welcome to The Westin St. Francis. I am . I would be glad to be of service to you.† Likewise, when the guests are to depart from the hotel, the doorman should indicate: â€Å"Thank you so much for choosing The Westin St. Francis to serve you. We look forward to being of serve to you in the near future†. This standard would improve service quality through expressly communicating to the guests how welcome they are in the hotel and how the service personnel are glad to address their accommodation requirements. As such, the warm and prompt greeting would indicate high quality of service that could provide customer satisfaction through the provision on immediate response on various inquiries and concerns. As such, the measurable and observable components of this performance standard are as follows: greeting in a warm and courteous manner (quality measure); greeting in a prompt manner with assistance to the luggage (time measure); prompt greeting at arrival and departure (time measure). (2) Assists in handling luggage of guests from any mode of transportation to endorsement to the Bellman.

US Correctional System Essay Example for Free

US Correctional System Essay A correctional system is a network of legal agencies with granted authority to make pronouncements on legal issues geared toward administration of justice within a prison setting or a parole system. The goals of this system are to punish the perpetrators of criminal activities through various mechanisms, to protect the general population from harms associated with crimes, and finally to transform criminals into responsible, law abiding and productive citizens through well structured rehabilitation programs. This paper will focus on how the correctional system is utilized to achieve the above mentioned objectives and investigate which strategy between punishment and rehabilitation is the most effective in reducing crime. Punishment of those proved guilty of bleaching the law is a major goal of the correctional system and serves as a deterrent against one repeating an offence in addition to suppressing criminal thoughts of others who might be contemplating evil (eHow, Inc, 2010). A good number of mechanisms are applied and incarceration is the most common. It entails imprisonment or confinement of criminals in facilities such as prisons, local jails for persons convicted in state courts, federal prisons for those convicted in federal courts, and several residential institutions including training schools for juveniles. Another form of punishment is probation which is a sentencing option for offences of lesser magnitude and offers a second chance to first time offenders to reconstruct their behavior. Criminals who serve under this sentence have been convicted of crimes but have served only a part of the sentence in prison or not at all. Persons on probation are required by the court to adhere to certain conditions and guidelines under the supervision of a probation officer. These conditions include abiding to a curfew, living at a specified place or not leaving the jurisdiction at all, subjection to community service, and obeying the orders of the probation officer among other conditions. Probation can be seen as a suspension of a sentence during which, the offender is accorded liberty conditioned on behavior change with the state having the obligation of assisting the offender to maintain commendable conduct (Sutherland, Cressey Luckenbill, 1992). Death penalty as a form of punishment was re-instated in 1976 and it is almost exclusively used for crimes of murder (Bryant, 2003). Over the course of time, several amendments on this law have been made with several states implementing new laws which allow death sentence for the rape of a minor. Other statutes allow death penalty for non-murder crimes including treason, placing a bomb near a bus terminal, aircraft hijacking, and drug trafficking, among others. Different methods of execution have been prescribed by the federal government and the 37 states that have statutes allowing death penalty (Regoli Hewitt, 2009). These methods are electrocution, lethal injection, firing squad, hanging, and lethal gas, though no states provide for either of the last three as the sole method of execution. Rehabilitation is an approach entrenched within the correctional system and is meant to punish offenders in a more positive way with the understanding that the offenders are sick and require gradual cure and reconstruction of their moral and social discipline before their release. This strategy is taken to be an effective mechanism of shifting a criminal from being a liability to the society to being an asset. It can be accomplished through vocational training, drug rehabilitation treatment, and counseling (eHow, Inc, 2010). Vocational training for instance offers criminals a chance to acquire a variety of job skills which consequently shapes them into productive members of the society and helps them to fight hopelessness, lack, and low self esteem which they might be struggling to overcome. Counseling is also a viable method of rehabilitating criminals and can be done either individually or in groups. Group counseling aims at triggering a positive influence among criminals by sharing the wide niche of experience from its members. Group activities and interactions also help significantly in providing solutions to the problems among peers such as how to break links of ealier relationships with undesirable people. Drug addiction and alcoholism is also a menace that has jeopardized cohesive existence and has threatened state security. There are a staggering number of drug rehab centres whose goal is to assist drug addicts and alcoholics heal physically, mentally, socially and spiritually and re-establish themselves in a drug and alcohol-free setting (treatment- links. net, 2010). To a great extent, capital punishment and long term imprisonments play a significant role as deterrent and incapacitation approaches against crimes. However, these strategies do not serve to heal the society from all facets of social relationships. According to Braithwaite, a legal system that relies on punishing criminals as the major approach of curbing crime, is destined for failure since it does not incorporate the voice of the victim (2002). From my point of view, the rehabilitation approach carries a lot of potential in reducing criminal activities as it provides the criminal with a second chance of becoming a better and resourceful person through acquisition of skills and advice that fits his or her needs. Rehabilitation scores a major goal of ensuring that the offender gets a chance of acquiring some form of education, phsycological support, and treatment in case of drug addiction. Consequently, this can be more effective in eradicating the urge to go back to criminal activities. In addition, rehabilitation generates a sense of healing and new life both to the offender and to the community after successful reformation. With regard to punishment, fear of being punished does not offer any better solution to criminal activities Braithwaite(2002). Rehabilitation therefore goes an extra mile in meeting the goals of the correctional system. References Braithwaite, J. ( 2002). Restorative justice and responsive regulation. Newyork: Oxford University Press US. Bryant, C. (2003). Handbook of Death and Dying. New Orleans: SAGE. eHow, Inc. (2010).Role of the Correctional System. Retrieved June 4, 2010, from http://www. ehow. com/about_5087269_role-correctional-system. html Regoli, R. , Hewitt, J. (2009). Exploring Criminal Justice: The Essentials. Boston: Jones Bartlett Learning. Sutherland, E. H. , Cressey, D. R. , Luckenbill, D. (1992). Principles of criminology. Newyork : Rowman Altamira. treatment-centers. net. (2010). Drug Addiction Treatment Centers, Alcohol Rehab Programs, Dual Diagnosis and Addiction Treatment Resources. Retrieved June 4, 2010, from http://www. treatment-centers. net/