Introduction To Disaster Management Environmental Sciences Essay

Catastrophes are seen as the consequence of jeopardies on vulnerable countries. Hazards that occur in countries with low exposure do non ensue in a catastrophe. Great harm, loss, devastation and desolation to life and belongings are the consequences of Disasters. The unmeasurable harm caused by catastrophe varies with the geographical location. In the concerned countries catastrophes have the undermentioned effects: It wholly upsets the normal twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours life. Detrimentally carry the exigency systems Depending on the strength and badness of the catastrophe the normal demands and procedures are severely affected and deteriorated. Catastrophes are the consequence of jeopardy on vulnerable or defenceless countries. Hazards that occur in countries with low exposure do non ensue in a catastrophe.1.1.2 Types of Catastrophes:Catastrophes can be classified as: Natural catastrophe Human-Made catastrophe1 ) Natural Catastrophes:Natural catastrophes are the consequence of biological, geological, seismal, hydrologic or meteoric conditions. They are a menace to, people, constructions and economic assets Few illustrations are: Earthquake Cyclones Hurricanes Floods Landslides2 ) Human-Made Catastrophes:Human-made catastrophes are Emergency state of affairss which are the consequences of calculated human actions. They involves state of affairss in which people suffers casualties, losingss of basic services and agencies of support. Few illustrations are: Oil Spill An aeroplane clang War Civil discord Major fire1.1.3 Difference between EMERGENCY and DISASTERstate of affairss:A state of affairs in which community is CAPABLE of get bying is EMERGENCY. Emergency state of affairss are generated by a existent happening of events that require immediate attending of exigency resources. A state of affairs in which community is INCAPABLE of get bying is DISASATER. Catastrophe state of affairss are natural or human-caused events which causes terrible negative impact on community.1.2 WHAT IS A HAZARD?1.2.1 Definition:Hazard is a opportunity or possibility of being injured or harmed. OR Hazard is the possibility of puting yourself unfastened to loss or bad luck. Hazards can be classified into two Manners: Dormant Mode Active Mode1 ) Dormant Mode:The state of affairs that has the possible to be risky, but no people, or environment is presently affected by this. For illustration: An unstable hillside, has a potency for a landslide but there is nil below or on the hillside that could be affected.2 ) Active Manner:An incident in which jeopardy has really occurred, making an Emergency state of affairss or Catastrophes.Categorization of Hazards:Hazard can besides be classified as: Natural Hazard Man-made HazardNatural Hazard:Definition: These jeopardies are caused by a natural procedure. Examples of some Natural jeopardies are: 1 ) Volcanic Volcanic eruptions: Ashs and different toxic gases are expelled through vents from deep inside the Earth 2 ) Droughts: A portion of a land suffers from deficiency of rain during specific period of clip which causes terrible harm to the harvests, dirt, animate beings and people besides. 3 ) Tsunami: Very big moving ridges which caused by an Earthquake, Volcanic eruptions knocks into a shore.1.2.4 Man-made Hazard:Definition: These jeopardies are created by worlds. Examples of some Man-made jeopardies are: Global Heating: Projected additions in the Earth ‘s ambiance ‘s mean temperature. In the twentieth century the Earth ‘s mean temperature rose about 0.6 degree Celsius. Crime: It is a sort of Sociological jeopardy. Crime is a breach of Torahs and regulations. For illustration Breach of contract. Industrial Hazard: It is a sort of Technological jeopardy. Industrial jeopardies frequently have an environmental impact. For illustration Bhopal Disaster ( worst industrial catastrophe to day of the month ) .1.3 VULNERABILITY, CAPACITY AND RISK:1.3.1 Vulnerability:Definition: Susceptibility of a individual, group or society to physical or emotional hurt. OR Person or group apt to injury. Equally far as Hazards and Catastrophes are concern, the construct of Vulnerability is to associate the relationship that people have with their environment to societal forces and establishments and the cultural values that sustain them.1.3.2 Capacity:Definition: Within a community all the available resources, that can cut down hazard degree and catastrophe effects. Frequent term used in Disaster is ‘Capacity constructing ‘ . Capacity edifice is the attempts to develop human accomplishments within a community to cut down hazard degrees.1.3.3 Hazard:Definition: Occurrence chance of a jeopardy that trigger a catastrophe with an unwanted result. Hazard involves an exposure to a opportunity hurt or loss. Risk by and large described in footings of chance. Hazard can besides be defined as the chance of a loss, hazard depends on three elements: Hazard Vulnerability Exposure1.4 DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE:1.4.1 What is Disaster Management?Main thought: To forestall catastrophes wherever possible or to extenuate or decrease those catastrophes which are inevitable. Through Public consciousness and Hazard direction catastrophes could be prevented or mitigated.1.4.2 What is Disaster Management rhythm?Definition: Disaster Management Cycle is a rhythm which has stages to cut down or forestall catastrophes. It is a cyclic procedure it means the terminal of one stage is the beginning of another stage, although following stage can be started before the completion of old stage. Some times several stages are taking topographic point at the same time. During each stage, timely determination devising can consequences in greater readiness, better warnings, and forestall farther catastrophes. The complete Disaster Management rhythm includes the defining of public policies and programs that addresses the causes of catastrophes and decreasing their effects on people, belongings and substructure.1.5 PHASES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENTCycle:Disaster Management Cycle has four stages: Phase 1- Mitigation Phase 2 – Readiness Phase 3 – Response Phase 4 – Recovery1.5.1 Phase 1 – Extenuation:1.5.1.1 Goal:The Goal of Mitigation activities is to acquire rid of or cut down the catastrophe happening chance, or to extenuate the effects of ineluctable catastrophes.Definition:Extenuation refers to all actions taken before a catastrophe to minimise its impacts. Examples: Public instruction Building codifications and districtingExtenuation includes:Reviewing edifice codifications Zoning and land-use direction Implementing preventive wellness stepsThere are two types of Mitigation activities:Structural Extenuation: It refers to building undertakings to cut down economic and societal impacts. Non-structural extenuation: They are the policies which raise consciousness of jeopardies. Non-structural extenuation activities besides encourage developments to decrease catastrophe impact. Through Mitigation we can educate concerns and populace in order to cut down loss or hurt.At place Mitigation activities:In your place Strengthening vulnerable countries such as roof tops, exterior doors and Windowss. In your place construct a safe room.1.5.2 Phase 2 – Readiness:1.5.2.1 Goal:The end of Preparedness activities is: for any exigency state of affairs, achieve a satisfactory degree of preparedness through plans that support the proficient capacity of authorities.1.5.2.2 Definition:Readiness activities are the Plans/preparations made to salvage lives or belongings.1.5.2.3 Preparedness includes:Implementation/operation Systems of early warning. Readiness programs Emergency exercisings Emergency communicating systems Public instruction Through early warning systems people will respond suitably when any early warning is issued. Preparedness actions depend upon the incorporation of suited steps for development programs at national and regional degree. To salvage lives and minimise catastrophe harm, persons, authorities and organisation develop programs and this all is done in Preparedness stage.1.5.2.4 Disaster Preparedness and DisasterExtenuation:Catastrophe extenuation and Disaster Preparedness go manus in manus. To guarantee that bing substructure can defy the forces of catastrophe, catastrophe readiness includes execution of extenuation steps.1.5.3 Phase 3 – Response:1.5.3.1 Goal:The end of Response is to give instant aid to keep life, better wellness and keep up the morale of affected population.1.5.3.2 Disaster Response includes:Helping refugees with conveyance. Give impermanent shelter and nutrient. Establish semi lasting colony in cantonments. Repairing harm substructure. The basic demands of people are more focussed in Response stage until lasting solutions can be found.1.5.4 Phase 4 – Recovery:1.5.4.1 Goal:To assist people reconstructing their lives and substructure every bit shortly as possible.1.5.4.2 Types of Recovery Activities:Recovery activities can be: Short term recovery activities Long term recovery activities Until all system return to normal or better, recovery activities continues.1.5.4.3 Recovery activities in catastrophes include:Constructing Temporary lodging. Public information. Educating public about Health and safety instruction. Hiding plans for people. Reconstruction Economic impact surveies From recovery to long-run sustainable development there should be smooth passage.DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE ANDEMERGENCY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM:1.6.1 Ems:EMS is the acronym for Emergency Management System. EMS can ease the effectual direction of Disasters. Information Technology can better the system of Disaster Management and back up all the stages of the DMC ( Disaster Management Cycle )1.6.2 PHASE I: Extenuation and Prevention:To cut down the impact of catastrophes, effectual Disaster Management plays a cardinal function. Disaster Management uses different effectual technological tools to assist the procedure of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation. For illustration:Tracking system:the lading of Hazard Management ( HAZMAT ) can be track by progress Vehicle-mounted hardware and when shipment transporting Hazardous stuffs deviates from its path centres of Disaster Management issues presentment to direction centres.Inventory systems:For any exigency state of affairss Inventory Systems ensures that the suffient supplies are available. It monitors the stock list degrees of of import equipment and supplies and keep the record of of import supplies on regular footing in signifier of Databases.Detection:For observing and supervising the risky lading, Roadside Detectors are used. These Roadside sensors besides confirm that lading is non diverting for its path. 1.6.3 PHASE II: Readiness: Preparedness trades with the development of programs before any exigency or black state of affairss. Emergency direction system helps Phase II of DMC via technological services like:Telemedicine:It is a connexion between ambulances which are reacting and exigency medical installations available really near. By utilizing telemedicine physicians can give advices to medical forces for the intervention of those patients who are on the manner to infirmary.Advanced ACN:Advanced ACN is the acronym for Advanced automated hit presentment. They inform exigency forces through vehicle mounted detectors and wireless communicating about incidents like hits or clangs. They besides tell the incident ‘s exact location and features. 1.6.4 PHASE III and IV: Response and Recovery: To supply immediate aid or aid to the population affected by catastrophes is the Goal of Response Phase. While the Goal of Recovery Phase is the Restoration of people ‘s unrecorded every bit shortly as possible after the catastrophe or any exigency state of affairs. Emergency direction System with the aid of Technology can assist the Response and Recovery phases through different systems and package like:Scheduling and Coordination package:In order to do the response procedure organized, structured and efficient complicated scheduling system can supervise and organize many response activities.Early on Warning System:In transit substructure a huge assortment of detectors are used which provide an early warning systems. This early warning system used to observe large-scale catastrophes and exigencies and besides semisynthetic catastrophe or technological catastrophe. Large-scale catastrophes include temblors, tsunamis etc and man-made or t echnological catastrophes include HAZMAT incidents, act of terrorist act, atomic power works accidents.Response direction:Emergency vehicle fleets can be track by Response direction by utilizing the engineering of Automated vehicle location ( AVL ) and bipartisan communicating between starters and exigency vehicles.Chapter No:2TYPES OF Catastrophe:2.1 Introduction:Harmonizing to [ 11 ] CRED ( Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disaster ) , Belgium, defines Disaster as: â€Å" A catastrophe is a state of affairs or event which overwhelms local capacity, asking a petition to a national or international degree for external aid † OR Catastrophe is besides defined as ‘Great harm, loss or devastation consequences from a sudden ruinous event ‘ . Many [ 11 ] different types of events like conditions or Earth ‘s geology are represented by Disasters. There exist a close association between a catastrophe and utmost conditions events like cyclones, inundations, twisters etc. The database of catastrophe events are maintained by CRED. It maintained the catastrophe events from 1900 to show.Possible causes of increase in catastrophes:There [ 11 ] are many causes for addition in catastrophes but some common causes are as under: Environmental alterations related to economic development may impact the potency for catastrophes. Change of Global clime from the build-up of nursery gases may take to a greater frequence of utmost conditions events ( heat moving ridges ) in the hereafter, every bit good as sea degree rise. Several bing coastlines may be threatened in this event. Industrialization without controls may increase the hazard for technological catastrophes. Consumption of fossil fuels with industrialisation.2.1.1 What are the Types of Disasters?Catastrophes can [ 1 ] be loosely classified harmonizing to their: Causes – Natural or Man-made catastrophe Speed of onset – Sudden or Decelerate Earthquakes, Cyclones, Tsunamis are the illustrations of Natural catastrophes. The two most common illustrations of Man-made catastrophes are ‘The Bhopal gas release ‘ and the ‘Chernobyl atomic accident ‘ . Forest fires ( initiated by adult male ) may be another illustration. There can be a sudden oncoming or slow oncoming of catastrophe. Sudden or Quick oncoming of catastrophe agencies they can happen all of a sudden in clip and slow oncoming of catastrophe agencies they may develop over a period of clip or bit by bit.2.2 NATURAL DISASTES:2.2.1 Definition:Natural [ 1 ] catastrophe occurs of course in propinquity to, and present a menace to people, constructions or economic asserts. They are caused by biological, geological conditions or procedures in the natural environment for illustration cyclones, temblors, tsunamis, inundations etc. Few illustrations of Natural catastrophes are: Earthquake Tsunami Flood Cyclone Now I will discourse above Natural catastrophes.2.2.2 Earthquake:Earthquake is the quiver of Earth ‘s surface due to belowground motions. Earthquakes besides called as shudder or earthquake. Sudden release of energy in the Earth ‘s crust leads to a natural catastrophe called Earthquake. This sudden release of energy moving ridges are called as seismal moving ridges. Epicenter of temblor is called as the beginning point of these seismal moving ridges. Among the most unpredictable natural catastrophes people can see, Earthquake is the 1. During temblors 10s of 1000s of people are put in danger.Some International Statistics of Earthquake:More than half a million deceases worldwide caused by Earthquake between 1999 and 2009. Each twelvemonth more than one million Earthquakes occur worldwide.Measurement of Earthquake:To mensurate the size of an Earthquake there are many ways. Some of these ways depend upon the damaged sum caused by the Earthquake and some depend upon seismal energy generated by the temblor. To mensurate temblor there are two graduated tables which are really popular: Seismograph Richter graduated tableSeismograph:Seismic moving ridges are generated by Earthquakes these moving ridges can be detected by a sensitive instrument called Seismograph. Nowadays Digital seismographs are high-technology seismographs which can enter land agitating over seismal amplitude and screens wide set of frequences that is why they are besides called as Broadband Seismograph.The survey of Seismograph is called as ‘Seismology ‘ .Richter graduated table:Earthquake ‘s strength and magnitude can be represented by Richter graduated table. If the strength of temblor is 3 on a Richter graduated table so that temblor is non harmful. Highly harmful temblor has the reading of 7 or above on the Richter graduated table. Presents modified versions of Richter graduated tables are used for temblor measuring throughout the universe. Richter graduated table is besides called as Richter magnitude graduated table because it measures the magnitude of temblor.2.2.3 Tsunami:Ocean [ 1 ] moving ridge generated by undersea temblor, powerful volcanic eruption or submerged landslide is called Tsunami. Tsunami [ 12 ] frequently generated by temblor in a subduction zone ( an country where an pelagic home base is being forced down into the mantle by home base tectonic forces ) . Tsunami besides called as seismal sea moving ridge. Sudden Large supplanting of H2O causes Tsunami. Tsunami travels at a great velocity across the unfastened ocean and builds into big deathly moving ridges in a shallow H2O of a shoreline. Tsunamis consist of multiple moving ridges with an highly low period and wavelength. The [ 1 ] largest temblor event recorded in Samoa was on 26 June 1917, mensurating 8.3 on the Richter graduated table. The event originated in Tonga ( about 200km South of Apia ) and it triggered a tsunami of 4 to 8 meters runups in Satupaitea, Savaii. The tsunami arrived less than 10 ( 10 ) proceedingss from its point of beginning, intending it travelled at a velocity of more than 1,000km/hr. Hence, when an temblor occurs, you must listen to the tsunami warning, for illustration, people populating in low-lying coastal countries must relocate to higher and safer evidences instantly.Tsunami velocity:Tsunami in a Pacific ocean can go at velocities up to 450mph ( half of the velocity of sound ) . The tallness of Tsunami moving ridges are about 30 to 100 feets.Damage caused by Tsunami:Significant [ 13 ] sum of harm can be caused by Tsunamis. Entire coastal small towns can be destroyed by a individual Tsunami. It can take all the sand from the beach sand which took hundred of old ages to roll up.Safety:The attack [ 13 ] of Tsunami can be determined by many technological methods but nature has its ain methods of warning people. If in a certain country the coastal H2O is abnormally high or low, so this is the warning for Tsunami.2.2.4 Floods:Flood occurs when [ 1 ] big sum of H2O flow from river or from broken pipe onto a antecedently dry country. The beginning of inundation can be really [ 11 ] quick or they may develop over a period of yearss or hebdomads following an drawn-out period of rain or speedy thaw of snow. Flash inundation have sudden oncoming. Drowning is the chief jeopardy from deluging. This is most common in brassy inundation. The common hazard factor for brassy inundation victims is driving in an car, many victims of brassy inundation drown within their vehicle.Health concern from implosion therapy:A longer [ 11 ] term wellness concern from implosion therapy is the development of disease from afloat sanitation Stationss. Large inundations pose a jeopardy to bing sanitation and imbibing H2O systems.Importance of Implosion therapy:For [ 1 ] local e cosystem, implosion therapy can be environmentally of import. For illustration some river inundations bring foods to dirty such as in Egypt where the one-year implosion therapy of the Nile River carries foods to otherwise dry land. Flood besides affect economic system.How to extenuate impact of inundation:pre-event [ 11 ] steps: early warning for brassy inundation events public instruction on inundation jeopardies like car drive post-event steps: keeping proper sanitation system proper control of population2.2.5 Cyclones:Chapter no 3THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT:Introduction:The Advanced Information Technology plays a great function in planning and execution of different steps for the decrease of jeopardies. The advanced information engineering includes: Gilbert Remote Feeling Satellite Communication Internet The quality and analysis power of natural jeopardies can be update by Geographic Information System ( GIS ) . In the choice of extenuation steps GIS can direct development activities. The designation of risky countries and before clip warning for many future catastrophes can be done by Remote Feeling Communication orbiters contribute a batch to supply communicating in exigency state of affairss and timely alleviation steps. For jeopardy decrease the add-on of infinite engineering inputs into monitoring of natural catastrophes and mechanisms of extenuation is really of import3.2 WHAT IS EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT:The direction of exigencies refering all jeopardies, including all activities and hazard direction steps related to bar and extenuation, readiness, response and recovery. Emergency direction can reconstruct and reconstruct society back to functional degree in no clip after a catastrophe. The basic intent of exigency direction is to: 1 ) Save as many lives as possible 2 ) To protect and continue the environment 3 ) To protect the economic system3.2.1 Emergency Management System:Definition: It is a technological tool used to better and heighten the Emergency Disaster Management. Emergency direction system can assist Disaster Management in several countries, such as:Materials:To guarantee that the warehouse is stock with all the points needed for national endurance in any catastrophe, before any abroad aid reaching.Work force:In first assistance and shelter direction train forces.Emptying Plans:Testing of General catastrophe and Evacuation program.Communication:To set up dependable Communication system.Transportation system:To set up effectual Transportation plans for illustration transit through air which facilitates the ‘food bringing supplies ‘ procedure to the victims of affected countries which are cut-off from any vehicular traffic. Examples of Emergency Management System at work:Management of Hazardous Materials ( HAZMAT ) :By agencies of Air, Sea and Land, EMS provides unafraid transit of unsafe and risky stuffs. EMS uses particular devices for tracking the cargo of HAZMAT.Emergency medical services:EMS notifies the exigency forces with of import and valuable information on exigency incidents. For illustration EMS is equipped with machine-controlled hit presentment system to observe vehicle hit.Recovery and Response:EMS has efficient Detectors which can observe natural catastrophes and warn population before manus.IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT, APPLICATION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY:Through Information Technology the agony of the catastrophe victims can be minimized. There are several tools of Information Technology which are utile in the direction of any catastrophe. In this Report I am concentrating the undermentioned Information Technology tools used in Disaster Management: Geographic Information System ( GIS ) Remote Feeling Global Positioning System ( GPS )3.3.1 GIS in Disaster Management:3.3.1.1 Introduction:GIS is the acronym for ‘Geographic Information System ‘ . For Disaster Management GIS can work in many ways, such as: They are the sort of information system which are good capable of hive awaying, incorporating, analysing, redacting, sharing, and exposing the information which is geographically-referenced. GIS can make the synergistic questions, edit informations and different maps and can easy show the concluding consequences of all these operations. The quality and power of analysis of appraisals of natural jeopardies can be improved by GIS. In the choice of extenuation steps, exigency readiness and response action, GIS besides guide and help different development activities.Applications of GIS:For the undermentioned activities GIS applications are really utile.Creation of hazard stock list map:At all the territory and inter-municipal degrees, the developmental undertaking ‘s pre-feasibility survey can be really expeditiously done by GIS.To locate of import installations:Through GIS we can take information on physical locations of drains, shelters and other physical installations.Management and Creation of associated Database:Planners can do undertakings at feasibleness degree. These undertakings can used to do hazard maps for bing metropoliss, catastrophe readiness planning and alleviation activities after catastrophe.Vulnerability appraisal:To spread out Disaster Management organisations by making consciousness of catast rophe with authorities and populace is done by advanced and synergistic engineering tool GIS.Emergency shelters and the usage of GIS:Shelter [ 1 ] operators use GIS engineering to take the personal inside informations of individuals being housed at the shelters. GIS engineering would besides give information to the shelter operators on the general make-up of the shelter like that how many kids, grownups, disable or any particular resident are in the shelter or demand shelter.Relief Distribution and the usage of GIS:GIS generate maps of the affected countries where clump of victims are located so with the aid of these maps ‘food beads ‘ procedures will take topographic point. These maps will besides place the alone demands of individuals within these Bunches.Vulnerable countries:The countries which are prone to catastrophes are highlighted by GIS. This will assist the catastrophe directors to make be aftering before the happening of catastrophe and it besides facilitates the coordination of attempts during and after the event.GIS Advantages:There are more advantages of GIS than challenges. Some GIS advantages are as under: It can [ 1 ] represent spacial information over a broad geographic country. To take more elaborate position of contents GIS uses 3D artworks. Integration of different information of geo-spatial can be facilitated by GIS. Information of geo-spatial includes maps, theoretical accounts and other signifiers of artworks. GIS distributes updated informaton. It besides expeditiously analyzes, collects and manage that information. For persons who wants to utilize GIS merely small tranning is required. This characteristic of GIS makes it various and easy to utilize.3.3.1.4 Challenges of utilizing GIS in Disaster Management:GIS [ 1 ] can sometimes uncover personal and people-specific information which can significantly impact people ‘s life. Form GIS information sometimes critical and difficult determinations have to be taken in the best involvement of affected people. To acquire the end product which is meaningful and utile from the system, big sums of inputs are required. GIS delayed the determination doing procedure during exigency because it require immense sum of information and huge sum of clip to analyse that information.Disaster Management Cycle and GIS:Planning:To [ 1 ] recognize the demand for be aftering which is based on the present hazard is the most of import phase of DM. For frontward be aftering GIS plays a cardinal function. GIS provides a construction for catastrophe directors to see spacial informations by computing machine based maps.Extenuation:For structural and non-structural extenuation, GIS can play really of import function. Areas which are at hazard are spatially represented by GIS. GIS besides identifies the hazard degree associated with peculiar jeopardy. Catastrophe directors use GIS to find the degree of alleviative constructions that should be in topographic point given the exposure of an country or population.Readiness:GIS can play a critical function in the designation of resources and countries which are at hazard. The nexus between spouses and critical bureaus is established by GIS and the usage of GIS in the constitution of that nexus will assist catastrophe directors to cognize the location of Stationss of relevant spouse bureaus. In the context of Disaster Management, maps of GIS can supply information on the human resources nowadays in an Emergency Operation Centre every bit good as on the land forces such as security, wellness suppliers and other cardinal respondents. This is peculiarly utile since the engineering can assist with strategic arrangement of exigency forces where it matters most. Through GIS we can do certain that communicating webs and route substructure are capable of managing the effects of catastrophesResponse:By utilizing GIS, users can take accurate and dependable information of the location of an exigency state of affairs from GIS and in this manner GIS can salvage tonss of clip needed to find the location of problem countries. Once the issues ( issues like paths to the country ) are known GIS can supply speedy response to affected countries. To indicate out emptying paths and other emptying affairs in exigencies, GIS can be used as a floor usher.Recovery:GIS can supply a outline of what has been damaged, where, and the figure of individuals or establishments that were affected. To the recovery procedure this sort of information is rather utile.Distant Sensing in DisasterManagement:3.3.2.1 Introduction:In Remote Sensing [ 1 ] a recording device ( which is non in physical contact with the object ) is used to acquire the information about an object or phenomenon, that entering device utilizations EMW ( Electronic Magnetic Waves ) radiations. The Goal of EMW or Electromagnetic Waves is the transit of information and energy from one topographic point to another. Cellular webs, Microwave ovens and x-ray machines used EMW. Distant Sensing include semisynthetic detectors, these detectors are attached to orbiters and aircrafts. Alternatively of sing a far off planet from Earth, the feeling equipment is normally high above looking down at our ‘distant ‘ planet – Earth. Distant in this context can intend merely a few hundred pess operating expense or stat mis above the Earth ‘s surface3.3.2.2 Applications of Remote Sensing:Remote Sensing is one of the developed and successful tool in Disaster Management. Some applications of Remote Sensing are as under: By utilizing Remote Feeling the jeopardy and hazard mold of many catastrophes like Tsunamis, hurricanes, temblors and disease pandemics can be done. We can utilize Remote Sensing based early warning systems for many natural catastrophes like Floods, Tsunamis, Earthquakes etc. After catastrophe, harm appraisal can be done by Satellites and airborne detectors.3.3.2.3 Remote Sensing Advantages:The Advantages of Remote Sensing are as under: The users of Remote Sensing do non hold to be in direct contact with the danger zones. This engineering saves tonss of clip. Remote Sensing engineering can gives the clear image of really big country of land. It can easy observe characteristics at wavelengths which are even non seeable to bare oculus. For frontward planning and Reconstruction of any affected country, Remote Sensing plays an of import function by giving clear and big image of those countries. By utilizing Remote Feeling the reappearance of the same event in the hereafter can be prevented. It can assist in harm appraisal monitoring. We can routinely and on a regular basis obtain and enter information.Categorization of Remote Sensing:There are [ 1 ] three parts of Wavelength in Remote Sensing: Brooding infrared and Visible Remote Sensing Thermal infrared Remote Feeling Microwave Remote Feeling Brief description of the above wavelength categorization for Remote Sensing is given below:Brooding infrared and Visible Remote Detection:Everyday visible radiation and infrared optical masers are the most common applications of the reflective infrared and seeable Remote Feeling with wavelength scope of 0.4 to 0.8 microns. For the comparing of before and after events of catastrophe we can utilize seeable Remote Sensing.Thermal infrared Remote Sensing:We can image temperature differences by utilizing infrared detectors. Temperature differences like thermic pollution in rivers or temperature differences near any vent can easy represented by utilizing infrared detectors. Infrared detectors developed a fact that all objects emits Electromagnetic Radiation, these Electromagnetic Radiation are called as ‘blackbody radiation ‘ . These black body radiation has a peculiar wavelength which is relative to the temperature of the surface of an object. We can besides see the peculiar portion of electromagnetic spectrum ( EM spectrum are the series of electromagnetic moving ridges with peculiar wavelength ) by utilizing infrared detectors.Microwave Remote Sensing:The other type of Remote Sensing is the ‘Microwave Remote Sensing ‘ . As the name implies, it uses microwaves for Remote Sensing and these moving ridges are non merely less affected by atmospheric conditions but besides they can image beneath or through objects. There are two board classs of Remote Sensing: Passive Remote Sensing Active Remote Sensing Descriptions of these two classs are as under:Passive Remote Detection:This sort of Remote Sensing uses detectors. These detectors detect the reflected or emitted Electromagnetic Radiations from natural beginnings for illustration Sunlight.Active Remote Detection:The detectors used in Active Remote Sensing detect reflected responses from objects that are irradiated from unnaturally generated energy beginnings for illustration Radars or sonar devices used by ships and imaging systems.Challenges of utilizing Remote Detection:Challenges for utilizing Remote Feeling are as under: To construct and run Remote Sensing system is non cost effectual. Activities which are little sized are hard to sketch on Remote Sensing imagination. Expert accomplishments may necessitate to construe the informations obtained from Remote Sensing. Resolution is frequently harsh. Particular Detectors with really high spacial declaration are required for parts which are little size.Disaster Management and Remote Sensing:Professionals [ 2 ] for Disaster Management can utilize Distant Feeling to do the effectual undertaking be aftering really much possible and more accurate now so of all time earlier. The purpose of experts in Disaster Management is to supervise the state of affairs, imitate the complicated natural phenomenon every bit accurately as possible so as to propose better eventuality programs and fix spacial databases. Proper Disaster Management which includes catastrophe bars, catastrophe readiness and speedy and sufficient catastrophe alleviation can sufficiently cut down the impact of natural catastrophes. States which have more beforehand warning systems and edifice codifications can make successful remote detection of the Earth to foretell the happening of black phenomena and to warn people on clip. With the addition of natural catastrophes and semisynthetic catastrophes it is necessary to utilize technological progresss to decrease the effects of catastrophes. Distant Sensing can be really utile to extenuate the effects of Natural Disasters like Earthquakes, Flooding, Hurricanes, Volcanic eruption and Landsliding.Remote Sensing and Earthquake:We can utilize Remote Sensing Technology ( RCT ) for seismal hazard extenuation intent. Remote Feeling like Satellite imagination can be used for temblor readiness. On good declaration orbiter imagination, Active mistakes and Structures associated with temblors can be good identified. Structural and non-structural jeopardies can be identified and minimized by utilizing distant feeling engineering. For illustration by utilizing LandSat imagination tool we can place and minimise the effects of Structural and Non-structural jeopardies. States which are more prone to temblor usage Satellite Remote Sensing Technology ( RST ) for early seismal warning. The quality [ 1 ] of assistance that can be provided after an temblor can be well improved by utilizing Remote Sensing. After major temblor has taken topographic point the hunt and deliverance activities are best affected by distant detection. Distant detection can besides used for making deep hunts in the countries which have considerable sum of dust and collapsed constructions.Recent Development:Nowadays Airborne and Satellite RSTs can be used for garnering damaged informationRemote Sensing and Volcanic Volcanic eruptions:Around [ 2 ] the Earth there are 500 active vents and by utilizing distant feeling we can make seismal monitoring of these vents. Through distant feeling Catastrophe directors can continuously supervise the volcanic activities by making limited field work. Remote feeling besides enables vulcanologists to significantly cut down the sum of field work and saves attempts and money.Remote Sensing and Flooding:The Second most [ 2 ] common and widespread natural catastrophe is Flood. For [ 3 ] inundation monitoring remote detection has become the cardinal tool in recent old ages. Catastrophe directors can place inundation planes and countries which are prone to deluge on a remotely perceived imagination. Remotely sensed imagination generates images which help professional in mapping the high and low hazard countries and in measuring the amendss to the belongingss in inundation affected part. In flood direction remotely sensed informations can be used to calculate inundations and this will mitigates future amendss. Distant feeling allow [ 1 ] users to see what is taking topographic point in affected countries, without endangering their safety, since they will non really be on the site. By utilizing distant feeling engineering we can foreground characteristics of the geographics that make the community susceptible to the jeopardy. Using distant feeling Response workers can garner of import information for making deliverance and alleviation attempts without physically being present at the site.Remote Sensing and Hurricanes:Disaster [ 1 ] directors uses Remote feeling for hurricane prediction which will assist them to gauge the likely figure of storms for a given old ages, strength and possible degree of devastation. Remote detection is utile in any phase of the hurricane in extenuating the deathly effects of hurricanes. Remote [ 1 ] feeling can let contrivers to determine informations about the characteristics of water partings to include drainage and denseness. Once obtained, this is utile information as it provides information on the capacity of the watershed to cover with the volume of water-flow that could ensue from rains associated with the storm. Distant detection can supply good declaration spacial informations on hurricanes which can gives wealth [ 4 ] of information for appraisal, analysis and monitoring natural catastrophes like Hurricane, Tornados and Cyclone harm from little to big parts around the Earth. After the Hurricane experts can supervise the recovery advancement and find the alteration in landscape by utilizing distant detection. Remote feeling saves tonss of clip in a manner that it will let experts to analyze larger land mass in no clip. Coastal implosion therapy and storm rushs which consequences in hurricanes can be better mapped utilizing distant detection. Catastrophe directors, Emergency direction and community contrivers can be better prepare for hurricane impacts on their parts by utilizing the tools of distant detection.Remote detection and Landsliding:Landslide [ 1 ] can happen independently or with other jeopardies like temblor, deluging etc. Using distant feeling engineering in landsliding catastrophe directors are better able to prioritise and aim extenuation and readiness activities for their country. Once [ 1 ] major parts of land displacement out of topographic point, entree to and general visibleness of the affected country is normally badly restricted. Remotely perceived images under these conditions are utile tools in helping contrivers. It presents a image of what has taken topographic point, and AIDSs in the determination doing procedure sing the hereafter of the affected country. Where appraisal of an country is limited due to debris and mudflow from a landslide, remote feeling could perforate heavy countries to supply critical information. On [ 5 ] local and regional graduated tables remote feeling can greatly assist in probes of landslides. For landslide probe remote feeling can be used in two phases: landslides sensing and categorization monitoring activity of bing landslides Distant detection can assist greatly in foretelling future landslide happenings and this is of import for those who reside near unstable incline.Global Positioning System ( GPS ) in Disaster Management:3.3.3.1 Introduction:GPS [ 1 ] or Global Positioning System refer to Global Navigation Satellite System or GNSS developed by Defense Department, America. Initially merely US military can utilize GPS but in 1980s it was extended for commercial and scientific universes. For navigational and positioning GPS tool is widely used. GPS include pilotage on land, in air and on sea. [ 5 ] By utilizing GPS engineering tool we can observe first phase catastrophe and suggest extenuation steps. In Landsliding Boundary of landslide country can be determine by GPS. Space section of GPS has 24 well-spaced orbiter groups ; these 24 orbiter groups orbit the Earth two clip per twenty-four hours and let people with land receiving systems to indicate out their exact location on Earth with high truth. Due to the low cost of GPS receiving system it is used globally. Receivers or devices have GPS equipment receives transmittal from at least few of the orbiters and can able to separate really precise placement informations ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wisegeek.com/what-is-gps.htm ) In Earth [ 6 ] scientific disciplines GPS plays an of import function. For conditions prediction and planetary clime surveies meteorologists utilizations GPS. During and between temblors the tectonic gestures can be measured by GPS.3.3.3.2 Applications of GPS to Disaster Management:There is [ 5 ] no limitation of conditions for utilizing GPS, it can be used anyplace any clip and this makes GPS really utile in catastrophes. It has a dependable degree of preciseness. During exigency state of affairss GPS incorporated with GIS to cover real-time activity. In all stages of Disaster direction Cycle GPS is really utile and plays a critical function. In Emergency Disaster Management GPS plays an of import function by tracking exigency vehicles and supplies. Emergency vehicles have GPS receiving system and location is overlayed onto a map. For precise [ 7 ] placement of the deliverance squads and vehicles during catastrophe GPS Stationss can be good utilised as a base Stationss. Through [ 5 ] GPS experts can supervise the tallness of moving ridges. GPS units are fixed to buoys and the tallness of the units are can be determined to within centimeters any important alteration in moving ridge tallness or speed can trip an dismay for a tsunami or sea rush. With the aid of GPS, vents can be monitored. Catastrophe directors can mensurate the distortion of the land by utilizing GPS and made decision about volcanic activity. These GPS Stationss can be utilized as base Stationss for precise placement of deliverance squads and vehicles during the catastrophes.3.3.3.3 Advantages of GPS:The Advantages of [ 10 ] GPS are as under: Structural jobs in edifices and route can be detected by GPS. It besides predicts catastrophes like Flooding, earthquakes etc. GPS system in a auto or in a plane ensures that you will ne'er lost. It streamlines supply ironss and truck motion. it can track goods at any point of clip and predict accurately when goods will make their finish. Some [ 9 ] GPS systems allow you to seek the local country for nearby comfortss, such as hotels, eating houses and gas Stationss. This is highly helpful in some state of affairss. GPS [ 9 ] devices are perfect for H2O pilotage. In state of affairss where underwater jeopardies are a job, GPS devices allow leghorns to maneuver around concealed dangers.3.3.3.4 Disadvantages of GPS:Besides tonss of advantages GPS have some of import disadvantages besides [ 5 ] . Some of these disadvantages are preciseness is affected by the figure of discernible orbiters present, the obstructor of the observation point, and the monitoring of installed GPS receiving systems which have been placed out in the field. Obstacles like edifices and trees can debar the GPS signals and this will do your place on the GPS screen to be off by every bit much as 100 pess. Atmospheric conditions besides affect GPS truth. GPS [ 9 ] signals are non wholly accurate. Obstacles like edifices and trees can debar the signal, doing your place on the GPS screen to be off by every bit much as 100 pess. Atmospheric conditions ( such as geomagnetic storms caused by solar activity ) may besides impact GPS truth3.3.3.5 Disaster Management and GPS:For catastrophe direction and extenuation GPS is one of the most of import developmental and planning tool. Catastrophes which are in their first phase can be easy detected by utilizing GPS tools. GPS is besides an effectual tool for supervising natural catastrophes.GPS and Earthquake:The [ 6 ] size of an temblor can be measured by GPS and this is done by look intoing the entire distance that a station has moved in an temblor by comparing its place prior to the event with its place following the event. Harmonizing to scientist there is a relationship exist between sum of supplanting caused by an temblor and magnitude of temblor. Scientist use this relationship to happen out the size of an temblor by utilizing technological tools of GPS. GPS can [ 6 ] make really accurate measurings and due to this scientists can enter millimeter-scale faux pas on mistakes that can non normally be measured. GPS progress tools can be really utile in: Emergency readiness and response betterment Determining of aftershock hazard countries following major temblors Prevent devastation of edifices, belongings and substructure Provide better geophysical theoretical accounts.GPS and Flooding:For [ 7 ] natural catastrophe like Deluging GPS has the potency of making deliverance and relief operations during and after Flood. The integrating of location based spacial function system: GIS, with GPS can straight give the map of the country being covered. The Video Mapping System, a digital picture camera straight linked to a GPS receiving system can give us the complete image of the part. This will let improved image reading, which is really utile for Flood jeopardy extenuation and direction. GPS [ 8 ] engineering helps deluge field directors to: Perform hazard appraisal and jeopardy designation Take proactive steps to really cut down inundation hazards Produce GPS Elevation Certificates which help place proprietors recognize their true inundation hazard and obtain best-value inundation insurance to cut down their fiscal Vulnerability Help speed up Federal catastrophe aid support when deluging really occurs.

Describe the performance of characteristics of eggs Essay

Egg white and yolk contain protein. Ovalbumin is present in egg white, however globulin and albumin are also present in a very small amount. Whereas egg yolk contains protein in the form of lipoproteins, which are a combination of proteins and lipids. The most important complex lipid in egg yolk is lecithin. Lecithin gives the egg yolk the properties of a stable emulsion. The fat molecules in the egg yolk are held in an emulsion by lecithin. Eggs have three main performance characteristics and they a coagulation, which includes setting, binding, coating, thickening, enriching and glazing, secondly they can be whisked to create foams and aerate mixtures and called aeration and lastly emulsifiers. Coagulation is the process in which proteins change from their natural liquid state into a gel or a solid. This happens because each protein molecule is constructed from long chains of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. The bonds are weak and when heat, acid or mechanical action is applied they start to break. The changes are permanent. When the protein changes it physical structure when it coagulates is called denaturation. Syneresis can occur when the egg is overcooked. This is when the texture becomes porous as the protein shrinks and pockets of water are left in the product. Between 60-65C is the temperature which egg whites start to coagulate and the result of this the egg white changes appearance from transparent like to white and the texture will be from gel like to solid texture. Egg yolk starts to coagulate at a higher temperature than egg white, it begins coagulating at 65C and finish at 70C. From the darker yellow appearance of the egg yolk it will turn into a lighter yellow yolk and from runny yolk it can go to powdery solid yolk. There are a number of factors that will affect coagulation. A firmer set can be achieved at a lower temperature if an acid such as lemon juice is added. A looser set and higher coagulation temperature is achieved by the addition of sugar to the mixture. The quantity of egg yolk determines the strength of the set mixture. A higher proportion of egg yolks or whole eggs will produce firmer or thicker custard. A low heat achieves gentle heat transference, which produce perfect conditions for a coagulation. Aeration is when egg white is whisked. Foam is formed when air is dispersed through the liquid egg white. Egg whites can be aerated due to the ability of the ovalbu, in to stretch and hold air. When egg whites is whisked the proteins are denatures and uncoil. This forms a 3D air / liquid structure that can hold air when folded into food mixtures. The foam is stable but its properties can be affected by the use of additional ingredients or conditions. First factor that can affect foam formation is salt. It decreases the pH of the egg white and this increases the resistance to foam, so the time taken to foam is increased. It gives the foam more stable and it enhances the flavour. Second factor is sugar. Sugar interferes with the bonds that form as the egg whites uncoil. Therefore the whisking time is increased and the resulting foam is denser, however the foam is more stable. This factor is commonly used for meringues. Fat affects foam formation. Fat such as egg yolk prevents new bonds being formed in the structure. Fourthly alkalis will increase the pH of the foam, decreasing the foaming time but making the foam stable. Lastly will be acids. Acids such as tartaric and acetic will soften the foam. Because the fat in the egg yolk, it inhibits the aeration recipes are usually for egg whites. However sponge cakes do use whole eggs. They are whisked with sugar over a pan of hot water (double boiler method) it works because the whisking action causes the proteins to denature and the heat causes coagulate resulting in stable form. Emulsion is formed when one liquid is dispersed in the small droplets into a second liquid with which it will not normally mix. Egg yolk has emulsification properties, which means it has the ability to hold large quantities of fat in an emulsion. Lecithin is present in egg yolk, which has a hydrophobic (water hating) component and hydrophilic (water loving) component. Eggs have many other functions. An egg can give additional thickness to sauces; it can also be use as binding and coating agent. Eggs can also be used as an egg washed or sometimes called glazing and commonly used for the top of pastries and breads. It also add colour and enrichment.

Jay Gatsby-Pathetic or Romantic Essay

Jay Gatsby, undoubtedly the most love-stricken character in The Great Gatsby, has shown moments of both hopeless romanticism and over-obsessiveness. He has based the past five years on a woman whom he has met only once and might never meet again. His unrealistic dream of someday courting this â€Å"golden girl† has clouded his mind and made him act only in pursuit of this fantasy. Jay Gatsby is a pathetic character because he allowed himself to be consumed by his illusion that he and Daisy might ever end up together. â€Å"Gatsby bought that house so that Daisy would be just across the bay. † A stalker is defined as a person who follows or observes a person persistently, especially out of obsession or derangement, Jay Gatsbys’ â€Å"scrapbook† with â€Å" a lot of clippings† and pictures about Daisy shows that he has been following, and keeping track of, her movements for quite some time. At this point in the story, the question of intent might come into play, a person who favored Gatsby as a romantic can argue that perhaps he meant to give the scrapbook as a gift to Daisy when he saw her again, however, there is also a more menacing interpretation of this event, a man sitting in his living room feverishly hunting through newspapers and magazines for a glimpse of, or a story about, his prey. His â€Å"collection† truly shows the depravity and desperation of a pathetic man. Resorting to an attempt at bribery to get what he wants is another way for Gatsby to show that there is no limit to what he would do to meet Daisy again. Again, the argument could be made that Gatsby was simply trying to help a friend, yet if Nick did not have something he coveted, contact with Daisy, Gatsby never would have offered to help Nick â€Å"pick up a nice bit of money†. Nick may have denied Gatsbys’ help, but he did set up a meeting between Daisy and Gatsby. At Nicks’ house, before Daisy’s’ arrival, Gatsby is in a fervor trying to make the house acceptable for the meeting. Perhaps this was an attempt to seem worthy of her attention but more likely, this was Gatsby trying to look more important than he actually is, as was his flashy introduction to his home. Trying too hard to impress someone is definitely a pathetic act. â€Å"I know of nothing more despicable and pathetic than a man who devotes all the hours of the waking day to the making of money for money’s sake. † – John D. Rockefeller. The same could be said about a person who devotes five years of his life on a longshot. His dream is a longshot because in order for it to work, Daisy must be unhappy with her marriage enough to want to give up a life of luxury for a life of love. While she flirts with Gatsby, she is just doing it to get back at Tom for having an affair. While she may appear to be discontent with her marriage, she would never truly want to give up living in the lap of luxury. Everything Gatsby did in the past five years was based on the dream that he and Daisy would be together, a romantic gesture but in the end a pathetic decision for a pathetic man.

PEDE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

PEDE - Essay Example Ethical decision making is the very cornerstone of the Professional Mission Statement and may very well be the guiding principles of the entire document. As you progress through the OLS program of study, you will increase your knowledge, crystallize your beliefs and expand your skills. Therefore, you will keep modifying and perfecting your mission statement during the next few months and years. A mission statement should enable you to attain unsurpassed excellence, inspire you to lifelong honesty and ethical behavior, and serve as your continuous guidepost during difficult personal and professional times. Many leaders put their mission statement on their business cards, display it in their offices and/or keep a copy in their homes. The first step in writing your mission statement is to do some reflecting, soul searching, and imagining. This is often called harnessing the potential of your creative imagination and mobilizing allied forces of concentration. The sequence is: The first step in the process of developing a Personal Mission Statement is to outline your various roles in life and describe how you desire to be in each of those roles. You have roles in maintaining total well-being, in your family, at work, with friends, in the faith community, in lifelong learning, and in your community. It is important to maintain â€Å"life balance† in these areas. How you define each of your roles is up to you. The life roles are in the left hand column and the question about how you would like to be described in each role is in the right hand column. Please complete this worksheet: After defining your roles in the seven areas, it is time to expand on your personal and professional role. The answers to the following questions may serve as the basis for the development of your mission statement: I want to become supportive and at the same time a participative kind of

Presumed Consent for Organ Donation Dissertation

Presumed Consent for Organ Donation - Dissertation Example Presumed Consent for Organ Donation The treatment of the dead body has enormous implications, not only for religious and spiritual reasons but also for non-religious and cultural reasons. Organ donation may be considered as one of the final acts of the individual who intends to part with his or her organs or tissue for the wellbeing of another person or for medical use. It basically depends on the decision regarding how the individual desires to live his or her life and to be remembered after his or her death (Inquiry into the EU Commission’s Communication on Organ Donation and Transplantation: Policy Action at EU Level 2008). Organ donation is also an ethical decision since it is intended to benefit the recipients of organs by way of transplantation. It is also a decision that may influence those whom the deceased leaves behind. Similarly, in cases where death occurs suddenly, in the absence of an explicit decision from the deceased, â€Å"the feelings of the bereaved family are very important†. The dile mma for many occurs when body parts are being cremated or buried. This contributes to an increase in the complications relating to ethical issues, apart from logistical problems. There can be inconsistencies in what people say they would do because their opinions and beliefs are subject to change according to the situation. Evidence suggests that â€Å"90% of the population supports the concept of organ donation – and what they actually do, i.e. they do not carry donor cards, and only 23% have registered their wish to donate†.... Families of the dead usually decline donation because they are not fully aware of the deceased person’s wishes . On the other hand, if the deceased had explicitly expressed a desire to donate organs, the relatives would do their best to fulfil the wishes of the dead person. Authorizing presumed consent is obtaining an absolute apathy of the founding ethical principles, or respect for autonomy, which is one of the four major principles of medical ethics. Spiritual and ethical education can be used to discover ethical rules in the relationship of motivation and actual behaviour. The divergence between individual rights and the advantage to society or to others as a group and apprehensions regarding the nature of physical reliability are at the core of the discussion. Importance of Obtaining Presuming Consent: As per the ethical view of the universe, there is an agreement that organs may be retrieved if there is a legitimate consent. Numerous legal approaches currently in vogue r elate to this. Presumed consent permits the organs to be used for the purpose of transplantation after death, except where the individual has objected to such donations. On the other hand, an informed consent system specifies that the individual must explicitly approve organ removal after death, by joining a national registry, carrying a donor card or any such document (Gill 2004). In the United Kingdom, the focus is on flexible choice, where the approval or assent of the family of the deceased is still necessary before harvesting the organ. If the deceased has not expressed any objection, organs will automatically become obtainable, if the relatives do not object to their removal. The general belief is that this will increase the possibility of obtaining organs as

Fracking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Fracking - Essay Example In this professional paper discusses business ethics of fracking, in order to analyze and evaluate the conduct of drilling companies in their quest to harness cheap energy from the earths interior. And their impact on the environment and mankind. Business ethics applies to all forms of business conduct and is related to the conduct of individuals and the entire organization. They have both normative and descriptive dimensions. It should be noted that the field is primarily normative as a corporate practice and career specialization. Academicians’ determination to understand business behavior employ descriptive methods. Interaction of profit-maximizing behavior with non-economic concerns reflects the range and quantity of business ethical issues. Governments use laws and regulations to control business behaviors in what the government perceives to be beneficial directions (Denver, 2013). Ethics specifically regulates details and areas of behavior that are beyond government control. The sprouting of extensive corporations with inadequate relationships and sensitivity to the communities they work from propagated the development of formal ethical regimes. Ethical norms reflect norms of historical periods; norms evolve as time passes resulting in accepted behaviors becoming objectionable. Firms started pointing out their ethical issues as early as 1980s by trying to distance themselves from business scandals like savings and loan crisis. Business ethics ideas caught the attention of media, academics, and business firms by the end of the cold war. Concisely, one of the aims of business ethics is to determine the fundamental purposes of the company, for instance, the company may have to sacrifice the profits to other concerns if a company’s purpose is to maximize shareholder returns. Ethical issues composed of duties and rights between the company and its stakeholders including suppliers, customers, employees and

Music Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Music - Assignment Example In a capitalistic society where achievement is equated with the demand for his work (and its profitability), even the most gifted artists are not spared from commercialization. Quite often beauty is defined by popular following and not by sheer artistry. With this mixture of art and commercialism in the music world, composers should face a challenging frontier in front of him to vie for success. He should balance the inventive search towards the noble and the new in the artistic society and the critical search for mass customer appeal in the business world. Given this let inalienable fact, let us now elaborate the necessary elements that composers should consider in producing his masterpiece. Just like in any field of art, music is a product of mixture of different elements artistically combined together to produce beautiful melodies. Before the ensemble became a concrete reality, a composer should initially brew up an idea. Ideas don't come naturally. It comes from numerous sources. It can come from adopting the sounds of nature, from another musical piece, or from sheer imagination. It can even come from a painful and moving experience. Almost any event that are deeply instilled in a person's emotional and mental faculties are rich sources for ideas. All it takes for a composer is to be keen to the changes that happen within and/or around him. Sources of Ideas Liftoff laid down several sources of ideas for composers based from the first-hand experiences of actual composers: The first is, as mentioned above, the environment where a person is. For a gifted artist, any stimulus is a potential source of ideas. Therefore a composer should develop astuteness in the picking up the signals in his environment to come up with creative concepts. Also by way of analysis to his environment, composers can create melodies and even possible lyrics for his next musical endeavour. Bob Dylan, for example, used music as a medium to convey his anti-war opinions and sentiments. Paul Simon and Arthur Garfunkel of the famed musical duo Simon and Garfunkel produced musical masterpieces on themes of friendship and social awareness. Another source of ideas is the analysis of his inner thoughts and feelings. This is why love songs are listened by different cultures everywhere. They convey the feelings one has towards his loved ones accompanied with musical tunes and melodies. Music is a powerful tool to express one's emotions. Through this a composer can deliver his joy, frustration, sorrow, or any other emotions using its power. A composer should also consider the theme of his work. It should have universal appeal. A good musical piece can enchant listeners across different cultures and boundaries. This is true especially now that, through technology, musical works can be transported and heard in different nations. Experiencing foreign cultures is another method by which a composer can generate ideas. The novelty and the unique experience that a person has in an unfamiliar culture and environment is a fertile soil where musical pieces can bloom. Each culture presents a unique and exciting musical style that can be partially used as raw material for future creations. A composer should also be updated to the latest musical pieces not only within his area but also in other nations. Most musical innovations

Communication and Counselling Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Communication and Counselling Skills - Essay Example ry vital to the society at large since they take care of people’s health and try their best to save patients from losing lives due to diseases, stress, accidents and injuries(Robert & James, 2005). Health and care social organisations offer a variety of services to clients and therefore should have the appropriate technology and workforce to satisfy needs of their services users exceptionally well (Peter & Rose, 2007). The workforce employed or volunteering to work in these organisations must have the necessary skills and knowledge that match the duties and responsibilities that they will be allocated. Counseling services is one the many services provided for health and social care institutions. People employed or volunteering to execute these services in these institutions must have the necessary counseling and communication skills needed for them to execute their duties and responsibilities in an exceptional manner. In this essay, a range of counseling perspectives used in c ounseling interaction, current ethical codes and boundaries related to professional practice in counseling and the significance of communication and counseling skills within health and social care will be critically analyzed and evaluated. Counseling perspectives used in counseling interactions simply mean the counseling attitudes that are applied in interactions between counselors and their clients (Stacy & Remy, 2007). The main three theories that explain these counseling perspectives are psychodynamic theory, theory of cognitive behavioral therapy and the theory of person centered therapy. In this essay only two theories will be covered and they are theory of person centered therapy and that one of cognitive behavioral therapy. Person centered therapy is also known as client centered therapy and was formulated by a humanist psychologist by the name of Carl Rogers in the year 1945 (Athman, 2006, p.15). It is a talk therapy which is non-directive in nature and among the widely used

Investigating Leadership Development practices in Private Sector in Literature review

Investigating Leadership Development practices in Private Sector in Oman - Literature review Example e changes within the organization, it is important for the leader to first understand the fears of the employees as well as anticipating their questions (MacKenzie, 2013). It is this understanding which will assist in the leader gaining support for a change instead of opposition which might lead to the failure in the structure of the organization. The leader has to realize that organizations that are successful in enforcing change do so through embracing strategic value of communication with employees. The leader should ensure that communication takes place before the change is implemented, during the change process, and after the transition of the organization. Therefore, it is essential that throughout the entire transition process of the organization, to constantly have communication. It has been claimed that in order for a leader to be effective, the first strategy that he should have in mind involves focusing on issues related to the people (Cashman, 1997). In such a scenario, the leader can focus solely on convincing the most talented people within the organization as well as those who hold key positions to accept his vision for the organization’s future. The need to convince such individuals is based on the fact that they are the ones who are most likely to offer resistance in case they are not convinced of the strategies being adopted by the leader. Therefore, continuity should be ensured through an understanding of the business and the leader’s realization that his vision affects the successful future of the organization (Harris & Cole, 2007). If a leader does not put this understanding into consideration when making decisions, he might face a challenge where a pivotal talent does not exist. The presence of communication between the leader and key employees; his ensuring that employees are empowered and the creation of a culture that enables them thrive are an integral part of focus on people during integration. The effective communication from the

Are actors and professional athletes paid too much Essay - 1

Are actors and professional athletes paid too much - Essay Example Perhaps the life of glamor experienced by such individuals does not do much to dispel this argument. Among athletes idolized in terms of payments include Arnold Schwarzenegger; a former bodybuilder later turned actor and a governor of California. Arnold, who is better known for his roles in Conan the Barbarian and the Terminator and the Expendables, is rumored to be among those that are highly paid in the industry. What is interesting is that he has lived in both sides of the acting and athlete jobs. Others include Dwayne â€Å"the rock† Johnson, who rose to fame as a professional wrestler with WWE. According to the Hollywood Reporter Magazine, actors such as Robert Downey Jr. and Sandra Bullock top the list when it comes to payments. Downey Jr’s $ 75 million emanates from his 7 percent slice in Iron Man # and a whopping $12 million from HTC endorsement deal. However, before we roast actors and actresses due to their salaries, we should know that there seems to be some discrimination among the big stars and those not considered as big stars. â€Å"When you a big star, you get well paid, with the middle being cut out,† one top agent commented on the Hollywood Reporter magazine. So much so that, Leornardo DiCaprio earned $25 million for the hit movie The Wolf of Wall Street with co-star Jonah Hill only managing $600000. What’s more is that DiCaprio even got nominated for an Oscar because of his â€Å"troubles.† According to Hollywood Life, The Big Bang Theory Fans are â€Å"outraged† over the multi-million deal lead actors Jim Parsons, Kaley Cuoco-Sweeting, and Johnny Galecki have signed with CBC. What’s funny is that one would normally presume that fans would be thrilled by the news that their favorite sitcom actors would be bagging more. â€Å"Prior to the reported new deal, each actor was earning $350000. The trio has now tripled their paychecks having signed on for three

The United States and China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The United States and China - Essay Example This essay stresses that what is even more worrying is the fact that China imports almost all its raw materials, ranging from oil, alumina, cotton wool, and other materials needed for production. China is less fortunate when it comes to availability of the natural resource. Even worse is that the country’s tremendous population has to rely on the very little they can. That is why China has to rely on exports. China’s cultivated land is only 8 percent. Yet its economy is 22 percent of the entire world. This shows how much strain the country has to deal with. This paper makes a conclusion that the U.S., on the other hand, does not have to heavily rely on imports. This is because the country can produce much more than it needs for sustainability. It even has surplus produce for export. This is what helps to set it apart. In addition, the development that is going on in China is depleting the resources. The forest cover is diminishing, in fact, it is one of the worst covered in the whole world. This has only seen an increase in pollution, and it is adding to the global warming being experienced the world over. With the advancement of the Chinese, India, and other Asian countries, it is clear that Asia as a whole is on the rise in economic standing. Which a huge labor force, technological growth and an increase in exports, economic growth in Asia is steadily on the rise. America will continue to maintain its state because it is well advanced and well developed.

Have Technology Taken over Some People Lives Essay Example for Free

Have Technology Taken over Some People Lives Essay Is there a concern about people becoming too dependent on technology? Do you think too much technology is too much for your children? Does technology affect the brain? Some of us think that there is a possibility that too much technology is affecting our children. They seem to not get the concept of things. Kids today can’t seem to think in a rational way. Everything done for children is through some type of technology. Technology is taught at such a young age that kids don’t get the opportunity to learn on their own and by the time they arrive teenage it seems to become more evident. Sarah Harris in a MailOne article â€Å"Too much internet use can damage teenagers brains† says, â€Å"Excessive internet use may cause parts of teenagers’ brains to waste away, a study reveals. Scientists discovered signs of atrophy of grey matter in the brains of heavy internet users that grew worse over time. This could affect their concentration and memory, as well as their ability to make decisions and set goals. It could also reduce their inhibitions and lead to ‘inappropriate’ behavior. Researchers took MRI brain scans from 18 university students, aged 19, who spent eight to 13 hours a day playing games online, six days a week. The students were classified as internet addicts after answering eight questions, including whether they had tried to give up using computers and whether they had lied to family members about the amount of time they spent online. compared them with a control group of 18 students who spent fewer than two hours a day on the internet. One set of MRI images focused on grey matter at the brain’s wrinkled surface, or cortex, where the processing of memory, emotions, speech, sight, hearing and motor control occurs. Comparing grey matter between the two groups revealed atrophy within several small regions of all the online addicts’ brains. The scans showed that the longer their internet addiction continued, the ‘more serious’ the damage was. The researchers also found changes in deep-brain tissue called white matter, through which messages pass between different areas of grey matter in the nervous system. These ‘structural abnormalities were probably associated with functional impairments in cognitive control’, they say. The researchers added that these abnormalities could have made the teenagers more ‘easily internet dependent’, but concluded they ‘were the consequence of IAD (internet addiction disorder)’. ‘Our results suggested long-term internet addiction would result in brain structural alterations,’ they said. The study, published in the PLoS ONE journal, was carried out by neuroscientists and radiologists at universities and hospitals in China, where 24million youths are estimated to be addicted to the internet. Wake-up call: Dr Aric Sigman said it was a shame that we needed photos of brains to realise that sitting in front of a screen is not good for childrens health In Britain, children spend an average of five hours and 20 minutes a day in front of TV or computer screens, according to estimates by the market-research agency Childwise. Dr Aric Sigman, a fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine, described the Chinese research as a ‘wake-up call’. He said: ‘It strikes me as a terrible shame that our society requires photos of brains shrinking in order to take seriously the common-sense assumption that long hours in front of screens is not good for our children’s health. ’ Baroness Greenfield, professor of pharmacology at Oxford University, described the results as ‘very striking’. She said: ‘It shows there’s a very clear relationship between the number of years these young people have been addicted to the internet and changes in their brains. ‘We need to do more experiments and we need to invest more money in research and have more studies like this. The neuroscientist has previously warned there could be a link between children’s poor attention spans and the use of computers and social-networking websites. She is concerned that not enough attention is being paid to evidence that computer use is changing young people’s brains. Professor Karl Friston, a neuroscientist at University College London, told the Scientific American journal the techniques used in the small-scale study were rigorous. He said: ‘It goes against intuition, but you don’t need a large sample size. That the results show anything significant at all is very telling. ’

Treating Alcoholism

Treating Alcoholism Introduction Alcoholism is defined as a disease that is persistent, progressive and often fatal. It is not a symptom of other diseases or emotional problems; it is its own disorder. Alcohol affects every part of the body even the brain which will eventually adapt to the alcohol use by becoming dependent on it after prolonged use. Genetics and environment are factors that are influenced by this disease. Drinking can reduce life expectancy by 10-12 years and next to smoking is the second most common preventable cause of death in America. The earlier a person starts drinking, the greater their chance is of developing serious illness later on. Once dependant on alcohol, its very difficult to quit. The cause of alcoholism is unknown. Just drinking gradually and consistently over time can produce alcohol dependence and cause withdrawal symptoms during periods of abstinence, but this is not the only cause of alcoholism. To develop alcohol dependence several other factors typically come into play, like genetics, culture and psychology. The signs of alcoholism or a dependence on alcohol vary from person to person and depend on how much the person drinks or how the person drinks. The definition of alcohol use and abuse ranges from moderate drinking, which is defined as equal to or less then two drinks a day for men and equal to or less then one drink a day for women. Hazardous or heavy drinking would be defined as more then 14 drinks per week or 4-5 drinks at one sitting for men or more then 7 drinks a week or 3 drinks in one setting for women or frequent intoxication in either gender. Harmful drinking is when alcohol consumption has actually caused physical or psychological harm or alcohol consumption has persisted for at least a month or has occurred consistently for a year. Alcohol abuse is used when the person either cant fulfill work or personal obligations and/or has recurrent problems with the law. Alcohol dependence is used for people that three or more alcohol related problems in a period of one year that in cludes increased amount of alcohol needed to produce an effect earlier obtained with less alcohol, experiences withdrawal symptoms or drinks to avoid withdrawal symptoms, drinks more then intended, unsuccessfully attempting to cut down or quit, gives up hobbies or leisure activities to drink. Summary Emotional and behavior problems such as depression and anxiety put people at a high risk for alcoholism and often are the reason the elderly turn to alcohol. Problem drinking in this case can be a way to self medicate. People may also use alcohol to become less inhibited in public situations that for some may be a source of great anxiety. Those that have impulsive personalities are also at a great risk for developing dependence to alcohol, due to the fact that they have low impulse control. Alcoholism affects every part of the body causing illness, cancer and with long term consumption can even cause death. Frequent, heavy drinking is associated with a higher risk of death to injury, violence and medical disorders, like pancreatitis, upper gastrointestinal bleeding, nerve damage and even impotence. As people age it takes few drinks to become intoxicated and organs are damaged by smaller amounts of alcohol then younger people. Those that require surgery also have an increased risk of postoperative complications, including infections, bleeding and decreased heart and lung functions, along with wound healing problems. If withdrawal symptoms are present can inflict further stress on the body and delay healing. Neurological or mental disorders can be caused from binge drinking which can cause memory impairment and problems thinking and concentrating. Nerve damage from severe vitamin deficiencies can impair mental function and memory and cause emotion disorders and even psychosis, like Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome, that causes loss of balance, confusion and memory loss and can lead to permanent brain damage and even death. Diagnosing alcoholism can be hard, since nearly always people deny the problem. But for most, denial may be the first warning sign that their drinking is out of hand. There are tests to screen for alcoholism, most are short and allow the person to take them on his or her own time. Because people deny their problem or attempt to hide it, the questions relate to problems associated with drinking, rather then the amount of liquor consumed. The quickest test is the CAGE test and is an acronym for: 1. Attempts to CUT (C) down on drinking. 2. ANNOYANCE (A) with criticisms about drinking. 3. GUILT (G) about drinking. 4. Use of alcohol as an EYE-OPENER (E) in the morning. This test is called a Self Administered Alcoholism Screening Test (SAAST) and appears to be the most useful in detecting alcoholism in white middle aged males. Alcoholism, hard to detect in elderly women is sometimes diagnosed as depression and prescribed anti-anxiety drugs that can have dangerous effects when mixed with al cohol conclusion Treatments for alcoholism vary, but the overall goal in treatment is total abstinence, since those that abstain have better success rates then those that dont. Treatment should also, include replacing addictive patterns with satisfying, time filling, behaviors which are able to fill the void in daily activities when drinking has stopped. Because alcoholism is so difficult to treat, most doctors will choose to treat alcoholism as a chronic disease that include relapses and remission periods. Inpatient and outpatient treatments are available to those that would benefit most from these types of treatments. Those with co-existing medical or mental disorders or those that might harm themselves have greater success with inpatient treatments at a psychiatric hospital or alcohol center. Outpatient treatments work best with people that have a good support system and are able to take medications for mild to moderate withdrawal symptoms. Psychotherapy treatments focus on Psychotherapeutic approaches and include cognitive-behavior therapy is used for severe alcoholism and gives people the opportunity to learn to cope and control their behavior, by changing the way they think about drinking and Interactional group psychotherapy that includes group based therapy like Alcoholics Anonymous or AA, 12-step program. Alcoholism is a very real and serious disease that requires medical treatment and those suffering will require lifelong care and support.

Concepts In Clinical Outcomes Nursing Essay

Concepts In Clinical Outcomes Nursing Essay Avedis Donabedians model presents an all-inclusive model of the relationship between variables that contribute to quality of care, healthcare costs and health status. Donabedians (1988) classical approach to the assessment of the quality of patient care within a hospitalization setting is comprised of three components, which include: structure, process, and outcome. The first two variables, structure and process, are labeled indirect variables by Dr. Tim Postema, because of their overall significance and contribution to the third variable, outcome (2005). To better understand Donabedians model, a brief overview of each variable will follow. The structural component is defined by the setting, which includes the attributes of material resources (such as facilities, equipment, and money), of human resources (such as the number and qualifications of personnel), and of organizational structure (such as medical staff organization, methods of peer review, and methods of reimbursement) (Dona bedian, 1988, pg. 1745). Examples of structural component may include but is not limited to the physical working environment itself, staffing mix and ratios of patients to nurse, and the organizational culture itself (institutional policies). The structural component of the model emphasizes characteristics of nurses involved in each patients care, certain characteristics of the patient as well as the organizational structure of the hospital in which the patient care was received (Duffy Hoskins, 2002). The second variable of consideration in Donabedians model (1988) the process component, which he defines as giving and receiving care (pg. 1745) is the specific intervention or interventions that are applied, which includes patient and provider participation. Finally, the third component of Donabedians model (1988) for assessing the quality of care is the outcome component of the model which is defined as the effects of care on the health status of patients and populations ( pg. 1745) . Now that the significant variables have been defined, a discussion of their relationship and how they apply to the assessment of patient quality of care will follow. Donabedians model attempts to explain health care quality in terms of outcomes that are measurable by the interrelationship between the structure, process and other attributable variables such as the improvement in a patients health status and satisfaction (1988). Donabedians model plays a significant role in the assessment of quality of care from the patients perception and is a high priority in the pay for performance reform that has occurred within the past decade (Wachter, Foster, Dudley, 2008), specifically from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). There is a lot of evidence to support Donabedians theory relative to the interrelationship between the process components, such as the care provided, and the outcome of the patients health leading up to their discharge from the hospital (Duffy Hoskins, 2003). Research posits that the three-part approach to the assessment of a patients quality of care is legitimately rooted in the relationship among the variables set forth by Donabedian: structure, process, and outcome (Duffy Hoskins, 2002). Donabedian proposed that good structure increases the chances of good process, and good process increases the chances of good outcomes (Donabedian, 1988, pg. 1745). Additional researchers substantiate this further in their research (Duffy Hoskins, 2002 and Postema, 2005). The findings of these researchers substantiated Donabedians framework through a variety of methodological approaches, yet were able to find the overarching correlations between factors of structure to produce positive outcome measures among patients. Thus, it can be concluded that utilization of Donabedians approach to the assessment of quality of care among hospitalized patients can assist in producing higher quality outcome measures, such as the problem facing many institutions relative to the number of medication errors. Donabedians model of structure, process, and outcome will be used to facilitate my endeavors in decreasing medication errors on the Psych-Med Unit (PMU) at St. Marys Health Care System. A detailed discussion of the appropriate variables will follow to provide a more thorough understanding of how the application of this theory will assist in the decreasing the number of medication errors Structure component Nurse characteristics The combination of higher education and years of experience in nursing improves health care outcomes, which include decreased medication errors, lower fall rates, and reducing mortality rates (Tourangeau et. al., 2006; Blegen, Vaughn Goode, 2001). Literature has identified studies that confirm that these certain nurse characteristics (higher education and experience) are related to better patient outcomes (Aiken, Clarke, Sloane, Silber, 2003; Tourangeau, Cranley Jeffs, 2006). Tourangeau et. al.s research (2006) found that more years in nursing experience has a significant and beneficial effect on patient health specifically on 30-day mortality rates in hospitals. Aiken et. al. (2003) found a statistically significant effect which postulates that with an increase in baccalaureate nurses in staffing which is associated with an increased awareness of the culture of safety, there was a decrease in mortality of patients within 30 days of admission. Nursing units with experienced nurse s had lower medication error rates (Blegen, Vaughn Goode, 2001). Patient characteristics Patient characteristics include polypharmacy and multiple diagnoses, including both medical and psychiatric diagnoses. Comorbid diagnosis are associated with the need for the patient to take more medication to manage symptoms and in turn, increases the risk of drug interactions, potential side effects and thus, the need for more medications, errors in the administration of medication, as well as difficulties with compliance upon discharge from the hospital (World Health Organization, 2011). According to the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JACHO), polypharmacy can cause an increased risk for falls, hospitalizations and confusion and/or disorientation (2008, pg. 8). Dr. Joseph Parks, a director for comprehensive psychiatric services for the Missouri Department of Mental Health, commented that, polypharmacy issues within psychiatry occur because one provider does not know what the other provider is prescribing and is a significant factor that diminishes th e overall patients quality of care based on potential side effects and adverse interactions (JACHO, 2008, pg. 9). Literature has identified that with multiple physicians prescribing medications for one patient, there is increase in chance for medication errors and thereby, diminishing the patients overall quality of care. (Tamblyn, McLeod, Abrahamowicz Laprise, 1996). This issue is reliant upon patient report, as well as doctor inquiry and thus, the burden falls upon both parties in order to ensure high quality of care. Organization characteristics The organizational structure characteristics including staffing ratios, staffing mixes, hospitals policy on medication administration and the organizational culture itself can influence the outcomes of care (Duffy Hoskins, 2003). Throughout the years numerous studies have been conducted that show that a higher registered nurse mix was related to lower mortality because that demonstrates the professionalism and integrity of registered nurses (Tourangeau et. al, 2006, pg.5). Studies have shown that an increase in nursing staff providing care resulted in decreased mortality (Tourangeau et. al., 2006), which supports the necessity of higher ratio of registered nurses mix in staffing patterns. The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (2008), whose mission is to improve health and healthcare for Americans, found that hospitals and health systems across the country have been working to achieve the culture of their organizations to develop supportive work environments that encourage nursing reten tion and improved quality of patient care. With a keen awareness of culture of safety often attributed to nursing professionals with higher educational degrees, there is an enhanced awareness that the safety of patients is the utmost priority and is highly valued on an organizational level. Because of the value placed on the culture of safety by health organizations and hospitals each year, staff and other health professionals need to continue to focus on improving their precision and skills utilized while caring for patients. In doing this, they become not only aware of potential medication errors, but also avenues to implement interventions to eliminate the tendency of potential risk all together (ISMP, 2006). Process component Bar code scanning As stated previously, process components is the giving and receiving of care (Donabedian, 1988). Relative to the ascribed problem outlined in this paper, the solution that has proven to improve medication administration and thus decrease medication errors is with barcode scanning systems for dosing and medication administration (ISMP, 2002). The ISMP (2002) asserts their confidence in the barcode scanning system by encouraging the use of the technology in any setting which medications are administered. The Institute of Medicine released a report in 2001 that suggested ways to use information technology to come through with a safer, more efficient way to prevent medication errors and improve healthcare quality with the automation of patient-specific clinical information (pg. 5). Medication administration errors are responsible for one-third of the errors (ISMP, 2002). According to the ISMP a bar coding and scanning system is a promising attempt at the reduction of errors in the stage of medication administration based on the accountability and accuracy of this technology (2002). At a patients bedside, bar code scanning identifies the patient, lists the medications ordered, checks for allergies or alerts for medication interactions, and electronically signs the patient record for the nurse (ISMP, 2002). Donabedians Assessment of Patient Quality Care: St. Marys Health Care System St. Marys in Grand Rapids already has this bar code scanning system. The issue on the PMU is the work arounds nursing professionals have implemented to make their medication administration easier. These work arounds are ways nurses can still administer medications without scanning the medication and/or patients identification band; despite the benefits it provides to the staff, it raises a variety of risks for the patient and puts them at greater danger for adverse medication reactions, multiple dosing, incorrect dosing, and so forth. There are other issues reported by nurses that make the work arounds essential, such as the all-too-common issues faced with the use of technology, that being technological malfunctions, limited availability despite the demand for the equipment, and sometimes merely, the time it consumes to find the equipment making the use of such technology more time consuming. As a registered nurse for over nearly 30 years, I can see that the bar code system has proven advantageous and significant in the quality of patient care based on the mere assumption that under hospital care, the utmost elite care is to be provided including medication administration. The bar code scanning procedure implementation enables nurses to look at the (medication/dosage) order, when it was last administered , the dosing, as well as if there are any potential medication interactions to be on the alert for, medication allergies, and whether there are any safety or physical maladies due to missed doses or inaccurate administration (ISMP, 2002). Finally, the technological advances provided for nursing professionals are implemented in order to better account for patient care and safety. The bar code and scanning system is computer-oriented and therefore, supplies a database and record for future use in the event there is any debate about the procedure utilized while hospitalized or even during hospitalization at an alternate hospital. Outcome component Literature has identified that there is an alliance between professional nursing care and positive health outcomes (Duffy Hoskins, 2003). Identifying ways to improve the process of medication administration can improve medication errors. Bar code scanning technology offers a productive way to avoid medications errors and increase patient safety (Begliomini, 2012). Measuring medication errors can be accomplished using many different processes; but with computer analysis of the patients information, measurement becomes much easier and more capable and feasible than error reporting or reviewing charts for purposes of accountability, prevention, and ongoing improvement of both process and clinical practice (Classen Metzger, 2003, pg. 41). In summary, the literature reinforces the idea that a decrease in patient medication errors is best accomplished by use of the bar code scanning for medication administration and therefore a responsibility for the nurse.

Essay on Homers Odyssey: Exploring Our Social Roots -- Homer Odyssey

The Odyssey: Exploring Our Social Roots  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   In modern western society we are a people taught from very young that good manners and strong morality are necessity.  Ã‚  Ã‚   The idea that the good will prosper and the bad will get what they deserve is widely accepted and applauded.   However, these ideas about the social rules of "modern civil man" are not so novel.   This same system of social behavior and belief is exhibited throughout the epic poem, The Odyssey.   In this epic we find the roots of our contemporary social actions and convictions importantly displayed.    All through this epic there are many examples to distinguish those civilized, who abided by social customs, and those who did not.   One of the primary forms of manner, during this period, was the customary practice of the civilized to invite a guest to feast without prior inquiry into his errand.   We encounter this social rule early upon the first meeting of Telemachos and his mother's suitors during a feast at the home. An unidentified guest arrives and is ignored by the suitors.   However, the mannered Telemachos promptly invites the guest in to join them in feasting; he is annoyed that their guest was made to wait and also embarrassed by and apologizes for the suitor's crude behavior.  Ã‚   This same practice repeats itself throughout the poem and is yet again contrasted when Odysseus and some of his crew arrive at the island of the Cyclops.   The men allow themselves into an unattended cave whose owner is the Cyclops, Polyphemus.   Upon the uncivilized Cyclops' arri val home he eats some of the men and traps the remainder.   Clearly, the social intuition of manners plays such a strong silent role.   As Horace Mann said "Manners easily and rapidly mature into m... ...ood, and idea that good always triumphs over evil.  Ã‚   We can easily witness the roots of present rules of society budding during this time period.   Such reflection and insight allows us to connect in a way, we maybe normally would not have, with one of our modern culture's leaders in morality and manners.    Works Citied Dimock, George E.   The Unity of the Odyssey.   The University Of Massachusetts Press: Amherst, 1989. Bloom, Harold, ed. Modern Critical Interpretation Homer's The Odyssey.   Chelsea House Publishers: New York, 1988. Lawall, Sarah, ed. "The Odyssey."   Trans. Robert Fitzgerald.   The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces.   W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.: New York, London, 1999.   209-514 Cyber Nation Home Page. 2000. Cyber Nation International Inc.< http://www.cyber-nation.com/victory/quotations/subjects/quotes_manners.html>.