Important challenge facing management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Important challenge facing management - Essay Example Other times the employee’s pay is low with minimal benefits. This could greatly affect an employee. Some employees also lack the necessary skills and qualifications required for the job. There are many ways to address the issue of employee performance. Proper pay and remuneration of employees will motivate them to work harder and more effectively. It is also important to have effective screening processes to ensure that the ideal worker gets the job, which they are most comfortable doing. This ensures that one excels in their area of specialization (DuBrin, 2009). It is also necessary to set a good example for the employees. They need motivation by the leadership of the organization, and this should inspire them to work harder. One should also engage in creative discussion with the employees so that they can freely voice their opinions concerning work and the workplace environment. This will help tackle the issue of employee

How Is the Story Told in Chapter 1 of the Great Gatsby Essay Example for Free

How Is the Story Told in Chapter 1 of the Great Gatsby Essay Throughout chapter one of The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald varies in technique to tell the story. He uses the character Nick Carraway to start off the chapter by having him narrate. And throughout Chapter 1 we are introduced to many other characters such as Tom, Jordan, Daisy and Gatsby. The use of narrational voice is very important in The Great Gatsby as Fitzgerald has created the character Nick, not only to narrate the story, but also be a key person in the novel. This adds a personal touch, but it could also make parts of story bias or inaccurate. We get hinted at this inaccuracy when Nick says I have been drunk twice in my life, and the second time was that afternoon. We can see that his narration may be inaccurate as he was under the influence of alcohol, so he may not be able to remember parts of the story so well. Each character is described through the narrator’s voice and therefore the perceptions and thoughts of each character are effected by Nick and his views. The personal delivery of the story compels us to read on. This is down to Nicks creative style of telling the story. Fitzgerald has created the character Nick to essentially tell the story and to have the opportunity to add personal judgements. Although the character repeatedly admits that he doesnt make these judgements; this is a contradictory statement, and throughout the first chapter Nick continually breaks this. The first few pages can be described as a brief summary of Nick Carraway and his life where as a reader we begin to create and establish our perceptions of his character. Through the early summary, In my younger and more , Nick is summarising his life; it is as if he is shortening and quickly describing snap shots of his life. Fitzgerald has created the character of Nick as a participant of the story, although he is more of a spectator. The brief beginning summary is then followed by And so it happened that on a warm windy evening.. which can mark the beginning of the narrative and again shows the clever way that Fitzgerald has used Carraways character as a participant and a writer of the Gatsby story. This narrative technique focuss the readers attention and creates a link between the reader and the character of Nick as it feels like he is personally relaying the story. Whereas through the later stages of the Chapter the other girl, Daisy, made an attempt is much more descriptive and film like. Overall Fitzgerald uses different techniques to tell the story on Chapter 1. One of these being, having Nick not just be a narrator but also a character. This adds to the overall delivery of not just Chapter 1 but the whole novel.

Health and safety management

Health and safety management 1) Introduction: The main objective of Health and Safety Management at work place is to fulfil Legal responsibility, Moral responsibility and Economical responsibility which are reasonably practicable for the company and its employees. Every Construction company has to follow the legal responsibilities to ensure the health and safety of the employees and other people involved in the business. The right approach is not only about taking the minimum measures required to fulfil the legal requirements. If appropriate measures are been taken it can even be beneficiary to the company. Improper practise of health and safety may lead to illness, accidents and loss of time which will cause substantial costs to the company. Such type of unplanned activities doesnt just harm the working environment it will even adversely affect the profit. Good health and safety practices will also help in improving the companys reputation with the clients and with its own employees. This enhances the companys reputation in the market as well. The responsibility of following good health and safety standards doesnt only implies for the employer it is also the duty of the employees to follow the standards set by the company, If the company fails to set good standards of health and safety as per legislation then the company can be prosecuted under Health and Safety act 1974, Construction Design Management (CDM) Regulation etc. Thus every construction company and employee has to have proactive approach towards following good Health and Safety practises. 2) Case Study: This report focuses on the Health and Safety practices followed by BAA during Construction of London Heathrow Terminal 5B Project. In order to achieve safe construction and to complete the project in time and budget, the BAA management team recognised that it has to have a very efficient system in place to manage Health and Safety and to set high industrial standards. The second building (i.e.T5B) of Heathrow T5 is constructed by 5B project team; the team became the first team to achieve one million safe working hours without reporting a single accident. Here are some of the Health and Safety initiatives taken by the team. A fulltime Safety leader was appointed; High standards of Workforce consultation and engagement in Health and Safety; Daily activity briefing; Circulation of safety alerts; Incident and Injury free campaign. If the company had failed to take the above mentioned initiatives there would have been a possibility were the company could have been prosecuted under the following legislation: HSWA 1974 -Section 2(1) (Employer must protect the HSW at work of all their employees) HSWA 1974 -Section 2(2) c (Provide information, supervision training to ensure the HS of employees) HSWA 1974 -Section 2(4), (6) (7) (Consult union safety reps establish safety committee when requested by 2 reps Section 9 Do not levy charge for anything provided in pursuance of the statutory provision) Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 Regulation 7 Appointment of competent persons Regulation 9 Information for employees As the site manager in charge for maintaining Health and Safety I would like to suggest few more initiatives which may be useful in enhancing the Health and Safety Standards of the site. Provision of welfare facilities at fixed construction site. Dust control in site during construction. On-site Health Screening. 1) Provision of welfare facilities at fixed construction site: Workers working in a construction site need adequate washing facilities and toilets, they need a dedicated place where they can relax and eat their food and a place to store the cloths. Most often these basic requirements are neglected. Good facilities will help in creating a good working atmosphere and will have a positive benefit on Health and well being of the employees and will help prevent Dermatitis. This can be easily achieved by: Addressing the welfare arrangements clearly in Health and Safety plan; Considering welfare facilities, allocating a designated location onsite, maintenance facilities during the planning and preparation stage of the project; The facilities provided should be suitable for the size of the site and nature of the work carried out in site (e.g. pouring concrete route cause for dermatitis will need more no of washing facilities, it may even require showers etc); The toilets and washing facilities should be properly connected with the drainage facilities so that cleanliness and hygiene can be maintained; The resting facilities should provide shelter from wind, rain and should have proper heating facilities. It should even include facilities such as tables, chairs and a means for warming up food etc. Barriers for adopting the above mentioned initiative in site are: Lack of importance given to welfare facilities during planning stage; Financial constrains; Possibility of negative opinion by management; More the number of workers involved difficult in providing adequate welfare facilities; Maintenances problem. Legislation covering the above mentioned initiative HSWA 1974 Section 2(1) (Employer must protect the HSW at work of all their employees) HSWA 1974 Section 2(2)e (Provide adequate welfare facilities and arrangements) The Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 Health, Safety and Welfare Regulations 1996 CDM Regulations 1994 2) Dust control in site during construction: Dust generated during different construction activity is one of the major issues causing serious breathing problems to the workers. Some of the construction activities generating dust are concrete slab cutting or shaping, stones kerbing etc. Concrete cutting Saws are generally used to perform these functions. During this action large amount of respirable dust is generated which usually contains crystalline silica contents, working in such place may lead to respiratory problems due to scarring of lung tissues. This problem can be minimized by using dust control systems on concrete cutting saws. Some of the modern dust control methods are as follows: In this method water is sprayed on to the rotating cutting disk of the saw which in turn reduces dust emission. This type of system can be used on saws powered by compressed air. Local Exhaust ventilation: In this method saw guards are used which act as high velocity hood which is in turn connected with industrial vacuum cleaner which serves as an exhaust to the dust. Barriers which may hamper the adoption of the initiative are: Skill in selecting the suitable method; Cost involved in replacing the old equipment; Employee training. Key legislation related to the above mentioned initiative is as follow HSWA 1974 Section 2(2)a (Provide maintain plant systems of work that are safe without risk to health) HSWA 1974 Section 2(2)c (Provide information, supervision training to ensure the HS of employees) Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 (Regulation 14 Employees responsibilities to use tools and equipment etc safely) Provision and use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 (Regulation 4 Equipment to be suitable) 3) On-site Health Screening: The objective of the proposal to introduce on-site health screening is to promote a healthy lifestyle amongst construction workers. These also helps in gathering the data about the health conditions of the workers which helps the management to take the decisions about the health and safety practises to be followed. These can be achieved by doing the following on-site tests Blood test; General check up; Skin tests; Ear testing; Eye tests etc. Barriers for adopting these initiatives are Cost involved for medical tests; Management opinion; Workers co-operation; Reliability on the medical data obtained; Creating facilities for medical tests on site. Key legislation related to the above mentioned initiative is as follows: HSWA- Section 2(1) (Employer must protect the HSW at work of all their employees) HSWA Section 2(2)e (Provide adequate welfare facilities and arrangements) HSWA Section 7(a) (Exercise reasonable care for the HS of themselves and others who their actions may affect) HSWA Section 7(b) ( Co-operate with the employer) HSWA Section 8 (Not to interfere with anything provided in the interests of HSW) Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 Regulation 6: Health surveillance (where appropriate) Regulation 13: Employers to take into account employees capabilities 3) Conclusion: BAA has achieved the best in securing safe working environment to the employees but money makes men guilty, as the progress with the project people forget unknowingly their health and its value, so initiatives given should be taken into consideration to protect employees and to have a safe and healthy working environment forever. 4) Bibliography Information about health and safety at work etc 1974, Available at: http://www.hse.gov.uk/legislation/hswa.pdf Information about case study, Available at: http://www.hse.gov.uk/construction/engagement/casestudies.htm Information about management of health and safety at work 1999, Available at: http://www.opsi.gov.uk/SI/si1999/19993242.htm Information about onsite health screening, Available at; http://www.enwhp.org/fileadmin/downloads/models/SME-Project/Ireland/Work%20and%20Health%20in%20the%20Irish%20Construction%20Sector.pdf Information about dust control methods, Available at; http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/cis54.pdf Information about the work place regulation 1992, Available at; http://www.opsi.gov.uk/SI/si1992/UKsi_19923004_en_1.htm Information about welfare facilities at fixed construction site, Available at; http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/cis18.pdf Information about Construction Design Management, Available at; http://www.hse.gov.uk/construction/cdm.htm

Theories Of Intellectual Property Philosophy Essay

Theories Of Intellectual Property Philosophy Essay Introduction: The term intellectual property refers to a loose cluster of legal doctrines that regulate the uses of different sorts of ideas and insignia.   The law of copyright protects various original forms of expression. The economic and cultural importance of this collection of rules is increasing rapidly. And lawmakers throughout the world are busily revising their intellectual-property laws.  [1]  Partly as a result of these trends, scholarly interest in the field has risen dramatically in recent years. There has been an evident mushrooming of articles deploying theories of intellectual property in law reviews and in journals of economics and philosophy. This article discusses those theories, evaluates them, and considers the roles they do and ought to play in lawmaking. Different jurisprudential approaches in IP law making: Most of the recent theoretical writings consist of struggles among and within four jurisprudential approaches of intellectual property law. 1.2.1 Utilitarian aspect of IP jurisprudence: The first and most popular of the four employs the familiar utilitarian guideline that lawmakers must put emphasis on maximization of net social welfare while shaping property rights.   In the context of intellectual property, it is generally thought that, lawmakers must strike an optimal balance between, on one hand, the individual rights of the creator and on the other hand maximization of public interest. A good example in this regard is William Landess and Richard Posners essay on copyright law  [2]  .   The distinctive characteristics of most intellectual products are that they are easily replicated. Those characteristics in combination create a danger that the creators of such products will be unable to recoup their costs of expression (i.e. the time and effort devoted to writing or composing and the costs of negotiating with publishers or record companies), because they will be undercut by copyists who bear only the low costs of production (the costs of manufacturing and distributing books or CDs) and thus can offer consumers identical products at very low prices.   Awareness of this danger will deter creators from making socially valuable intellectual products in the first instance.   We can avoid this by allocating to the creators (for limited times) the exclusive right to make copies of their creations. All of the various alternative ways in which creators might be em powered to recover their costs are, for one reason or another, more wasteful of social resources.  [3]  Ã‚   This utilitarian rationale, however has been criticized on the ground of its tendency to create monopoly rights. A related argument dominates the trademark law. The primary economic benefits of trademarks, are (1) the reduction of consumers search costs, because consumers can rely upon their prior experiences with various brands while deciding which brand to buy in future, and (2) the creation of an incentive for businesses to produce consistently high-quality goods and services. On the other hand while dealing with its criticism, trademarks can sometimes be socially harmful also, like for example, by enabling the first entrant into a market to discourage competition by appropriating for itself an especially attractive or informative brand name. Awareness of these benefits and harms should (and usually does), guide legislators and judges when tuning trademark law; marks should be (and usually are) protected when they are socially beneficial and not when they are, on balance, deleterious.  [4]   1.2.2 Labour theory and its jurisprudential aspect: Robert Nozick  [5]  after associating himself with Lockes argument, Nozick turns his attention to Lockes famously ambiguous proviso the proposition that a person may legitimately acquire property rights by mixing his labor with resources held in common only if, after the acquisition, there is enough and as good left in common for others.  [6]   Nozick contends that the correct interpretation of this limitation is that the acquisition of property through labor is legitimate if and only if other persons do not suffer thereby any net harm. Construed in this fashion, the Lockean proviso is not violated, Nozick argues, by the assignment of a patent right to an inventor because, although other persons access to the invention is undoubtedly limited by the issuance of the patent, the invention would not have existed at all had the inventor not put in any effort due to fear of copying. 1.2.3 Personality theory and its jurisprudential aspect: The premise of the third approach derived loosely from the writings of Kant and Hegel i.e. private property rights are crucial to the satisfaction of some fundamental human needs; policymakers should thus strive to create and allocate entitlements to resources in the fashion that best enables people to fulfill those needs. From this standpoint, intellectual property rights may be justified either on the ground that they shield from appropriation or modification artifacts through which authors and artists have expressed their wills (an activity thought central to personhood) or on the ground that they create social and economic conditions conducive to creative intellectual activity, which in turn is important to human flourishing.  [7]   Justin Hughes derives from Hegels Philosophy of Rights the following guidelines concerning the proper shape of an intellectual-property system (a) We should be more willing to accord legal protection to the fruits of highly expressive intellectual activities, (b) Because a persons persona his public image, including his physical features, mannerisms, and history is an important part of personality, it deserves generous legal protection, despite the fact that ordinarily it does not result from labor (c) Authors and inventors should be permitted to earn respect, honor, admiration, and money from the public by selling or giving away copies of their works.  [8]   1.2.4 Social planning theory and its jurisprudential aspect: The last of the four approaches says that, property rights in general and intellectual-property rights in particular can and should be shaped so as to help foster the achievement of a just and attractive culture.   This approach is similar to utilitarianism in its orientation, but dissimilar in its willingness to deploy visions of a desirable society richer than the conceptions of social welfare deployed by utilitarians.  [9]   Other writers who have approached intellectual-property law from similar perspectives include Keith Aoki, Rosemary Coombe  [10]  , Niva Elkin-Koren, and Michael Madow.  [11]  As yet, however, this fourth approach is less well established and recognized than the other three. 1.3 Varying jurisprudential views in US, UK, France and Germany: Until recently, the personality theory had much less currency in American law.  However in contrast, it has figured very prominently in Europe.  The French and German copyright regimes, for example, have been strongly shaped by the writings of Kant and Hegel.   This influence is especially evident in the generous protection those countries provide for authors and artists rights. In the past two decades, moral-rights doctrine and the philosophic perspective on which it rests have found increasing favor with American lawmakers, as evidenced most clearly by the proliferation of state art-preservation statutes and the recent adoption of the federal Visual Artists Rights Act.  [12]   Critical analysis of the theories of IP jurisprudence: Lawmakers are confronted these days with many difficult questions involving rights to control information. The proponents of all four leading theories purport to provide lawmakers with answers to the upcoming questions in IP jurisprudence. Unfortunately, our choice among these four options will often make a big difference. The third, for instance, suggests that we should insist, before issuing a patent or other intellectual-property right, that the discovery in question must satisfy a meaningful utility requirement; the other three would not.  The second would counsel against conferring legal rights on artists who love their work; the other three point in the opposite direction. The fourth would suggest that we add to copyright law a requirement analogous to the patent doctrine of nonobviousness; the others would not.  In short, a lawmakers inability to choose among the four will often be disabling. Similar troubles arise when one tries to apply Lockes conception of the commons to the field of intellectual property.  What exactly are the raw materials, owned by the community as a whole, with which individual workers mix their labor in order to produce intellectual products? It is agreed that IP law would have to be radically revised to conform to the Lockean scheme.  But the scale of the necessary revision is daunting. Is it justifiable on Lockean or any other premises -that if one thinks of a new way of dancing he claim IP protection and prevent everybody else from doing the same? Similarly, by registering the trademark Nike, can one prevent others from using it in any way- including reproducing it in an essay on intellectual property? If not, then what Is the extent of these rights? We come, finally, to the well-known problem of proportionality. Nozick asks:  If I pour my can of tomato juice into the ocean, do I own the ocean?  How far, in short, do my rights go?   Locke gives us little guidance.  [13]   1.5 Conclusion: The limitations of the guidance provided by general theories of intellectual property is perhaps easiest to see with respect to the last of the four approaches.  Lawmakers who try to harness social-planning theory must make difficult choices at two levels.  The first and most obvious involves formulating a vision of a just and attractive culture. What sort of society should we try, through adjustments of copyright, patent, and trademark law, to promote?   The possibilities are endless. Through continued conversations among scholars, legislators, judges, litigants, lobbyists, and the public at large, there may lie some hope of addressing the inadequacies of the existing theories.  The analytical difficulties associated with the effort to apply the Lockean version of labor theory to intellectual property may well prove insurmountable, but there may be some non-Lockean way of capturing the popular intuition that the law should reward people for hard work.  Only by continuing to discuss the possibility and trying to bring some alternative variant of labor theory to bear on real cases can we hope to make progress.   Much the same can be said of the gaps in personality theory.   The conception of selfhood employed by current theorists may be too thin and acontextual to provide lawmakers much purchase on doctrinal problems.  But perhaps, through continued reflection and conversation, we can do better. Conversational uses of intellectual property theories of the sort sketched above would be different from the way in which such theories most often have been deployed in the past.  Instead of trying to compel readers, through a combination of noncontroversial premises and inexorable logic, to accept a particular interpretation or reform of legal doctrine, the jurists and lawmakers should attempt, by deploying a combination of theory and application, to strike a chord of sympathy in their audience.  The sought-after response would not be, I cant see any loopholes in the argument, but rather, it needs to be acknowledged and addressed. That conclusion, however, does not imply that the theories have no practical use.  [14]  In two respects, I suggest, they retain considerable value.  First, while they have failed to make good on their promises to provide comprehensive prescriptions concerning the ideal shape of intellectual-property law, they can help identify nonobvious attractive resolutions of particular problems. Second, they can foster valuable conversations among the various participants in the lawmaking process.  

Essay --

Bentley/Vora 1 Lara Bentley and Khushboo Vora ENG 241 M. Ramos December 16, 2013 Women: Weak vs. Strong Women are different from each other and possess strong characteristics, weak characteristics or both. A woman being strong is not always about having physical strength. Being strong of character means you possess traits that can be considered virtues, such as, loyalty, honor, and modesty. Having said this we will look at female characters throughout both Susanna Rowson’s Charlotte Temple and Harriet Jacobs â€Å"Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl† and break down their characters and what strong or weak traits they possess. While Jacobs chooses to make her own path and have a benefactor to try and get herself out of having to survive an awful life in slavery, Charlotte Temple was naà ¯ve and was betrayed by Montraville, treated like a prostitute by Belcour and continued to suffer until she died expecting Montraville to love her again. Considering Jacobs as a strong willed woman, she planned out her future by having children with Mr. Sands rather than trying to escape, which she nearly contributes to her own bondage in the slave world. And Charlotte can be considered a woman with a weak character, because she was not only betrayed but was also tossed to death when no one helped her during her difficult times. Not only Charlotte and Jacobs, but also many supporting characters have these traits presented in their roles, regardless of being thought of as an evil character or not. Bentley/Vora 2 In Susanna Rowson’s Charlotte Temple, Charlotte has fallen under the bad influence of her French teacher, Mlle. La Rue, who attends church services in order to flirt and receive invitations to parties. She takes Charlotte to one, which the girl f... ...nt barely conceives Jacobs as a person, and it is insulting to her that her husband violates the sanctity of the marriage bed to take up with someone she views as naturally inferior. She convinced herself that Jacobs is the main reason for collapsing her happy life than of the fact that her own husband has viciously betrayed her. Jacobs’ â€Å"Incidents in the Life of the Slave Girl† and Rowson’s Charlotte Temple has few common elements. The fact that Charlotte’s character and Jacobs character has quiet similar story in the beginning. A description stating that Charlotte and Jacobs, both come from the happy and loving family and having loving parents. Though, this didn’t really affect the fact that Charlotte was weak where as Jacobs being pictured strong willed in the story. The most obvious similarity Jacob’s story has to Charlotte Temple is her use of direct address.

Spontaneous Generation :: essays research papers

From the time of the Ancient Romans, through the Middle Ages, and until the late nineteenth century, it was generally accepted that life arose spontaneously from non-living matter. Such "spontaneous generation" appeared to occur primarily in decaying matter. For example, a seventeenth century idea for the spontaneous generation of mice required placing sweaty underwear and husks of wheat in an open-mouthed jar. Then, waiting for about 21 days, during which time it was said that the sweat from the underwear would penetrate the husks of wheat, changing them into mice. Although that idea may seem ridiculous today, that and other ideas like it were believed and accepted during that time, which was not too long ago. The first serious attack on the idea of spontaneous generation was made in 1668 by Francesco Redi, an Italian physician and poet. At that time, it was thought that maggots arose spontaneously in rotting meat. Redi believed that maggots developed from eggs laid by flies after observing that they had different developmental stages.. To test his hypothesis, he set out meat in a variety of flasks, some open to the air, some sealed completely, and others covered with gauze. As he had expected, maggots appeared only in the open flasks in which the flies could reach the meat and lay their eggs. This was one of the first examples of an experiment in which controls are used. In spite of his well-executed experiment, the belief in spontaneous generation remained strong, and even Redi continued to believe it occurred under some circumstances. The invention of the microscope encouraged this silly belief. Microscopes revealed a whole new world of organisms that appeared to arise spontaneously. It was quickly learned that to create "animalcules," as the organisms were called, you needed only to place hay in water and wait a few days before examining your new creations under the microscope. The debate over spontaneous generation continued for centuries. In 1745, John Needham, an English clergyman, proposed what he considered the definitive experiment. Everyone knew that boiling killed microorganisms, so he proposed to test whether or not microorganisms appeared spontaneously after boiling. He boiled chicken broth, put it into a flask, sealed it, and waited - sure enough, microorganisms grew. Needham claimed victory for spontaneous generation. An Italian priest, Lazzaro Spallanzani, was not convinced, and he suggested that perhaps the microorganisms had entered the broth from the air after the broth was boiled, but before it was sealed.

What is the Significance of This Article to Executive/Strategic Think :: essays research papers

Article summary: Audi had faced lots of problems in the U.S. market, and the problem is because Audi has a weak and unclear image in the market and that is why they only sold 83,000 cars in 2001. Their aim is to get 200,000 cars a year, with this image it will take them a long time to get to there goal. So, their plan is to make a huge advertising campaign to make their image look better in the market. They will start advertising in networks like CNN, and NBC; also they will advertise through magazines and newspapers like The Wall Street Journal, USA Today, and New Yorker. Their main target is to avoid the crises they went through when they had a defect in their design which caused an uncontrolled acceleration in their vehicles, and that made sales to go way down. And their main customer target is the people who are intrested in buying luxury cars such as BMW. The new step that Audi is presiding to benefit from is their new TV advertisement, which is going to be a two minutes long. They want their Ad to include about Audi history and how they are the first people to have all-aluminum vehicles, which they are light and more strong and they say it is safer from steel. Moreover, they will include information about the car variable transmission, which give the car better fuel efficiency and more power than other automatic cars. CNN had agreed to run the ads and that is a huge step for Audi. CNN decision will effect the other ad?s and it will limit them with the time they have to put there ad?s on the channel, this ad campaign is the first of its kind and CNN will be the first channel to do such thing. My Interpretation on the article: I think what Audi is doing the best thing, because their image was ruined when they had a defect in their cars, so they have to rebuild their trust with the people.